碳质材料吸附土壤沉积物中有机污染物的研究进展

Research Progress on the Adsorption of Organic Pollutants in Soil Sediments by Carbonaceous Materials

摘要: 为解决土壤和沉积物有机污染治理问题，本文系统阐述了生物炭、活性炭、碳纳米材料等典型碳质材料在其有机污染物吸附中的研究进展。通过分析材料制备与改性对吸附性能的规律，揭示物理吸附、化学吸附等多种吸附机制，探讨碳质材料性质、污染物性质等因素的影响，并结合实际应用案例评估技术有效性。结果表明：生物炭性价比高、兼具土壤改良与碳封存功能，适合农田轻度污染修复，活性炭适合高浓度污染应急处理，碳纳米材料对低浓度难降解污染物去除优势显著。未来需重点突破规模化制备成本控制、长期稳定性优化及二次污染防控技术，为土壤沉积物有机污染高效修复提供可靠技术支撑，切实保障生态系统安全。

Abstract: To address the remediation of organic pollutants in soil and sediments, this paper systematically reviews research progress on the adsorption of organic contaminants using typical carbon-based materials such as biochar, activated carbon, and carbon nanomaterials. By analyzing the patterns of adsorption performance influenced by material preparation and modification, it reveals multiple adsorption mechanisms including physical and chemical adsorption. The study explores the effects of factors such as material properties and pollutant characteristics, and evaluates the effectiveness of these technologies through practical application cases. Results indicate that biochar offers high cost-effectiveness while simultaneously improving soil quality and sequestering carbon, making it suitable for remediating lightly contaminated farmland. Activated carbon is ideal for emergency treatment of high-concentration contamination, while carbon nanomaterials demonstrate significant advantages in removing low-concentration, refractory pollutants. Future research should focus on breakthroughs in controlling large-scale production costs, optimizing long-term stability, and developing secondary pollution prevention technologies. These efforts will provide reliable technical support for efficient remediation of organic pollutants in soil and sediments, effectively safeguarding ecosystem security.