啮齿动物对泥炭地凋落物分解影响研究进展

Research Progress on the Impact of Rodents on Litter Decomposition in Peatlands

摘要: 泥炭地生态系统的凋落物分解过程受生物因子与非生物因子的复杂互作调控。本文整合分析了啮齿类动物入侵、植物多样性变化及气候变暖三者的交互作用，总结归纳出凋落物分解对多重环境因子影响机制的响应变化。结果表明：1) 啮齿类动物的选择性采食行为和挖掘活动具有双向生态效应：一方面直接影响凋落物输入质量，另一方面通过改变土壤微环境间接影响分解过程；2) 植物多样性通过不同物种间的功能互补效应对分解过程起到稳定作用，但这种稳定效应容易受到动物采食活动和气候变化的共同影响而被削弱；3) 气候变暖作为重要的环境驱动因素，通过温度与水分条件的综合作用，不仅增强了动物活动强度，还改变了植物群落组成，从而进一步影响其分解路径的发展。这三方面因素之间形成了复杂的正负反馈网络，共同决定了凋落物分解速率以及碳氮循环模式。最终效应的大小和方向取决于生态系统的基础条件和外部干扰的程度。后续研究应当注重开展多因素协同作用的实验，并加强长期生态监测工作，特别需要关注微生物在分解过程中的作用机制以及生态系统功能的临界变化点。

Abstract: The litter decomposition process in peatland ecosystems is regulated by complex interactions between biological and abiotic factors. This paper integrates and analyzes the interactive effects of rodent invasions, changes in plant diversity, and climate warming, summarizing the response me- chanisms of litter decomposition to the influences of multiple environmental factors. The findings indicate that: 1) The selective foraging behavior and burrowing activities of rodents exhibit bidirectional ecological effects: they directly influence litter input quality while indirectly affecting decomposition by altering the soil microenvironment; 2) Plant diversity stabilizes decomposition through functional complementarity among species, but this stabilizing effect is easily weakened by the combined impacts of animal foraging and climate change; 3) Climate warming, as a significant environmental driver, enhances rodent activity and alters plant community composition through the coupled effects of temperature and moisture, thereby further influencing decomposition pathways. These three factors form a complex network of positive and negative feedback, collectively determining litter decomposition rates and carbon-nitrogen cycling patterns. The magnitude and direction of the final effects depend on the ecosystem’s baseline conditions and the intensity of external disturbances. Future research should emphasize experiments on the synergistic effects of multiple factors, strengthen long-term ecological monitoring, and particularly focus on the mechanisms mediated by microorganisms in decomposition processes and the critical thresholds of ecosystem functions.