断层构造地貌相关综述

A Review of Fault-Related Geomorphology

摘要: 断层指地壳岩层在地应力作用下发生脆性破裂，并沿破裂面产生明显位移的构造现象。断层在地壳中广泛发育，常常控制含油气盆地的形成、发展和演化；控制盆地内次级构造带及圈闭构造的形成、发育和分布；控制盆地内沉积作用和沉积相带的展布以及油气的生成、运移、聚集和保存。断层也是许多内生金属矿床的运移通道和富集场所。研究断层的意义非常重大，它不仅是地质学的核心问题之一，还与资源、环境和灾害密切相关，能够直接服务于防震减灾、能源资源勘探、地下水开发以及工程建设安全，在地质学和社会经济发展中都具有核心意义。

Abstract: Faults refer to brittle fractures in the Earth’s crust under tectonic stress, characterized by significant displacement along the fracture surface. Faults are widely distributed in the crust and often control the formation, development, and evolution of petroliferous basins. They influence the formation, development, and distribution of secondary structural zones and trap structures within basins, as well as the distribution of sedimentation, sedimentary facies belts, and the generation, migration, accumulation, and preservation of hydrocarbons. Faults also serve as pathways and enrichment sites for many endogenic metal deposits. The study of faults is of great significance, as it is not only a core issue in geology but also closely related to resources, the environment, and disasters. It directly contributes to earthquake prevention and disaster mitigation, energy and resource exploration, groundwater development, and engineering construction safety, holding central importance in both geology and socio-economic development.