米诺环素联合甲泼尼龙治疗儿童耐大环内酯类肺炎支原体肺炎的临床疗效观察
Clinical Observation of the Efficacy of Minocycline Combined with Methylprednisolone in the Treatment of Macrolide-Resistant Mycoplasma Pneumoniae in Children
摘要: 目的:探究米诺环素联合甲泼尼龙治疗儿童重症耐大环内酯类肺炎支原体肺炎(MRMPP)的安全性和短期疗效。方法:回顾性分析2023年6月~2024年6月于青岛大学附属医院治疗的121例重症MRMPP患儿,分为A组(阿奇霉素 + 甲泼尼龙)和B组(米诺环素 + 甲泼尼龙),比较两组临床疗效、发热持续时间、炎症指标、血常规组合炎症指数变化、血小板参数变化、肝肾功能变化、肺功能及不良反应情况。结果:B组治疗有效率高于A组;B组发热持续时间(2.54 ± 0.79天)短于A组(3.89 ± 1.07天);治疗后两组炎症指标(CRP、ESR、PCT、D-二聚体、LDH)均较治疗前下降,ESR、PCT、D-二聚体降低值B组更大,CRP、LDH、血小板参数(PLT、PCt、MPV、PDW)、肝肾功能(ALT、AST、肌酐)两组间比较无显著差异。B组治疗第4天血常规组合炎症指数中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞(NLR)、血小板/淋巴细胞(PLR)、全身免疫炎症指数(SII)较A组明显降低,且差异有统计学意义(P < 0.05),治疗7天后两组未见明显统计学差异;B组喘息患儿肺功能改善更好;两组不良反应发生率均较低,差异无统计学意义(P = 0.093)。结论:米诺环素联合甲泼尼龙治疗儿童重症MRMPP短期未见明显不良反应,临床疗效显著,炎症指标下降快,而抗炎治疗可能是影响预后的重点。
Abstract: Objective: To investigate the safety and short-term efficacy of minocycline combined with methylprednisolone in the treatment of severe macrolide-resistant mycoplasma pneumoniae pneumonia (MRMPP) in children. Methods: A retrospective analysis was conducted on 121 children with severe MRMPP treated at the Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University from June 2023 to June 2024. They were divided into group A (azithromycin + methylprednisolone) and group B (minocycline + methylprednisolone). Clinical efficacy, duration of fever, inflammatory markers, changes in combined inflammatory indices of complete blood count, platelet parameters, liver and kidney function, pulmonary function, and adverse reactions were compared between the two groups. Results: The effective rate of treatment in group B was higher than that in group A; the duration of fever in group B (2.54 ± 0.79 days) was shorter than that in group A (3.89 ± 1.07 days); after treatment, the inflammatory markers (CRP, ESR, PCT, D-dimer, LDH) in both groups decreased compared with before treatment, with a greater decrease in ESR, PCT, and D-dimer in group B. There were no significant differences between the two groups in CRP, LDH, platelet parameters (PLT, PCt, MPV, PDW), and liver and kidney function (ALT, AST, creatinine). On day 4 of treatment, the combined inflammatory indices of neutrophils/lymphocytes (NLR), platelets/lymphocytes (PLR), and systemic immune inflammatory index (SII) in group B were significantly lower than those in group A, and the differences were statistically significant (P < 0.05). After 7 days of treatment, no significant statistical differences were observed between the two groups; the lung function of children with wheezing improved better in group B; the incidence of adverse reactions was low in both groups, with no statistically significant difference (P = 0.093). Conclusion: Minocycline combined with methylprednisolone showed no significant adverse reactions in the short term for the treatment of severe MRMPP in children, with significant clinical efficacy and rapid decrease in inflammatory markers. Anti-inflammatory treatment may be the key factor affecting prognosis.
文章引用:史继莉, 刘培培, 刘建科, 张乔, 宋亮. 米诺环素联合甲泼尼龙治疗儿童耐大环内酯类肺炎支原体肺炎的临床疗效观察[J]. 临床医学进展, 2026, 16(1): 579-587. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2026.161079

1. 引言

肺炎支原体(Mycoplasma pneumoniae, MP)是儿童社区获得性肺炎中最常见的病原体[1],致病机制包括直接损伤和炎症免疫反应。儿童MP肺炎预后受机体的免疫状态与耐药影响[3]。目前大环内酯类药物是儿童MP感染的一线治疗药物,随着耐大环内酯类MP的增多,二线药物逐渐受到重视,新型四环素类药物如米诺环素、多西环素在重症MRMPP的使用逐渐增多[4] [5]。米诺环素主要通过抑制病原肽链的合成等途径诱导MP死亡[6]。传统认为8岁以下患儿使用四环素类药物可能导致牙齿染色和牙釉质发育不良,在儿童中的使用受到限制[7],但有研究也显示8岁以下在常规剂量下使用新型四环素类药物不超过21天未发现牙齿染色及牙釉质发育不良[5] [8] [9]。本文章通过观察米诺环素治疗儿童重症MRMPP的临床指标,评估疗效和特点。

2. 对象与方法

2.1. 研究对象

回顾性收集2023年6月~2024年6月于青岛大学附属医院住院的重症MRMPP患儿。

纳入标准:年龄6~14岁;重症肺炎诊断标准符合2023年儿童MP肺炎诊疗指南[10],(1) 单份血清MP抗体滴度 > 1:160或病程中双份血清MP抗体滴度上升4倍及以上;(2) MP-DNA或MP-RNA阳性;入院后检查MP耐药基因阳性(咽拭子2063或2064位点突变,为治疗中和治疗后的结果);依从性良好,配合治疗,接受回访,临床资料完整。

排除标准:同时服用其他二线抗MP药物治疗;同时合并其他先天、免疫、喘息疾病;存在其他病原体感染;治疗后有肺不张、塑形性支气管炎、坏死性肺炎等并发症者;中途停止治疗者;应用支气管镜治疗者。

2.2. 伦理学

本研究符合医学伦理规范,治疗已获得家属知情同意,小于8岁患儿使用米诺环素已签订超说明书用药知情同意书。本研究为回顾性研究,不存在商业利益,不涉及患者隐私,获得青岛大学附属医院伦理审查委员会批准(伦理号-QYFYEC2024-158)。

2.3. 研究方法

本研究为单中心回顾性研究,通过His电子系统收集研究对象的相关病历资料,包括人口统计学特征、临床症状、实验室检查结果以及不良反应。

2.3.1. 分组

将患儿进行分组,A组为应用阿奇霉素联合甲泼尼龙治疗者,其治疗中MP耐药基因结果回示阳性,因家属等因素未更换二线药物和治疗结束结果阳性未应用二线药物的,共收集56例;B组为患儿家属知情同意应用米诺环素,联合甲泼尼龙治疗者,共收集65例,所有患儿MP耐药基因结果均为阳性。

2.3.2. 治疗方法

两组患儿均采用2023年儿童MP肺炎诊疗指南[10],常规对症支持治疗,两组患儿均常规应用小剂量甲泼尼龙琥珀酸钠(2 mg/kg/day)治疗3~5天。A组静脉滴注阿奇霉素10 mg/kg,每日1次,总疗程7天,B组首次口服米诺环素4 mg/kg,之后改为2 mg/kg,间隔12小时口服1次,治疗7~10天。

2.3.3. 数据资料

临床疗效分为痊愈、显效、有效和无效。痊愈:临床症状及体征消失,实验室指标恢复正常,影像显示肺内病变完全吸收且无复发;显效:临床症状及体征较前明显好转,实验室指标明显下降,影像显示肺部炎症吸收50%以上;有效:临床症状及体征较前有所改善,实验室指标好转但尚未恢复正常,影像显示肺内病变吸收小于50%;无效:症状、体征以及实验室指标无明显改善甚至恶化。发热持续时间:分组治疗后发热天数。炎症指标包括C-反应蛋白(CRP)、降钙素原(PCT)、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、血沉(ESR)、D-二聚体(D-D);肝肾功指标包括谷丙转氨酶(ALT)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、肌酐(Cr)情况。血常规组合炎症指数:收集两组患儿治疗前和治疗后第4天、第7天的中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞(NLR)、血小板/淋巴细胞比值(PLR)、全身免疫炎症指数(SII)。分别统计两组患儿治疗前后血小板参数,包括血小板(PLT)、血小板压积(PCt)、平均血小板体积(MPV)、血小板分布宽度(PDW)。观察并统计药物相关不良反应,如皮疹、胃肠道反应、牙齿黄染等。

比较两组出现喘息症状患儿治疗结束后肺功能情况。喘息诊断标准:临床表现有喘息性的声音;听诊可闻及哮鸣音。肺功能检查设备规格型号:POWER CUBE-BODY。肺功能检查操作流程:受试者检查前需安静休息15分钟;技术人员录入受试者的性别、年龄、身高、体重等基本信息;技术人员详细讲解动作要领,受试者用嘴唇紧紧包住一次性咬口器,听从口令,进行至少三次合格的用力呼气和吸气动作;技术人员观察每次测试的曲线,得出最终报告。正常预计值计算方法:选择仪器内置中合适的方程,将孩子的身高、年龄、性别等代入方程,自动计算出各项肺功能指标的预计值。

2.4. 统计分析

应用SPSS 29.0软件分析数据。计量资料呈正态分布以(x ± s)表示,组间比较采用独立样本t检验,组内比较采用配对样本t检验。计数资料以例数或百分比表示,采用χ2检验,等级资料采用秩和检验;P < 0.05为差异有统计学意义。

3. 结果

3.1. 临床资料

其中符合标准者121例,A组56例,B组65例。将两组患儿的性别、年龄一般资料进行统计学分析,P > 0.05,差异无统计学意义,数据具有可比性。见表1

Table 1. General information of the two groups of children

1. 两组患儿一般资料

性别(男/女)

年龄(岁)

A组(n = 56)

35/21

7.79 ± 1.95

B组(n = 65)

38/27

8.12 ± 1.941

统计值

0.45

0.95

P

0.65

0.34

3.2. 临床疗效分析

治疗7天后,A组患儿痊愈 + 显效 + 有效共48例,治疗有效率(痊愈 + 显效 + 有效)为85.7%,B组患儿痊愈 + 显效 + 有效共62例,治疗有效率(痊愈 + 显效 + 有效)为95.4%,B组治疗有效率高于A组,且差异有统计学意义(P < 0.01)。见表2

Table 2. Clinical efficacy analysis of the two groups

2. 两组临床疗效分析

例数

痊愈

显效

有效

无效

A组

56

9 (16.1)

13 (23.2)

26 (46.4)

8 (14.3)

B组

65

12 (18.4)

17 (26.2)

33 (50.8)

3 (4.6)

3.3. 发热持续时间分析

B组热退时间短于A组,且差异存在统计学意义,两组热峰对比无明显差异。提示米诺环素治疗组患儿退热时间短于阿奇霉素治疗组。见表3

Table 3. Time to improvement of clinical symptoms in the two groups of children

3. 两组患儿临床症状改善时间

发热持续时间(天)

热峰(℃)

A组

3.89 ± 1.07

39.32 ± 0.66

B组

2.54 ± 0.79

39.28 ± 0.58

t值

7.97

0.37

P

<0.01

0.71

3.4. 治疗前与治疗7天后炎症指标分析

比较两组患儿治疗前后炎症指标,结果显示:治疗前两组无统计学差异;治疗后CRP、LDH、ESR、D-D、PCT均较治疗前降低。将两组患儿炎症指标下降差值进行比较,CRP、LDH两组P > 0.05,差异不存在统计学意义,ESR、D-D、PCT治疗前后差值具有统计学意义(P < 0.05),米诺环素相比阿奇霉素,ESR、D-D、PCT降低幅度更大。见表4

Table 4. Changes in inflammatory markers before and after treatment in the two groups of children

4. 两组患儿治疗前后炎症指标变化

A组

B组

Pab

治疗前

治疗后

差值a

治疗前

治疗后

差值b

CRP (mg/L)

15.74 ± 15.03

3.99 ± 5.8

11.74 ± 14.89

14.00 ± 2.78

2.78 ± 3.27

11.22 ± 15.66

0.827

LDH (U/L)

287.78 ± 67.46

239.84 ± 43.22

47.94 ± 72.06

284.48 ± 47.70

234.44 ± 25.68

50.04 ± 50.44

0.878

ESR (mm/1h)

30.63 ± 14.10

16.96 ± 9.15

13.66 ± 16.21

30.28 ± 14.97

14.97 ± 7.23

15.31 ± 11.17

0.040

D-D (ng/ml)

501.18 ± 92.16

366.95 ± 143.15

134.23 ± 125.64

500.88 ± 201.63

358.92 ± 113.01

141.95 ± 216.86

0.003

PCT (ng/ml)

0.19 ± 0.46

0.15 ± 0.28

0.04 ± 0.36

0.21 ± 0.18

0.14 ± 0.26

0.07 ± 0.31

0.004

:CRP:C-反应蛋白;LDH:乳酸脱氢酶;ESR:血沉;D-D:D-二聚体;PCT:降钙素原;ab:治疗前后的差值。

3.5. 血常规组合炎症指数分析

将两组患儿治疗第4天、第7天的血常规组合炎症指数进行比值分析。提示治疗第4天NLR、PLR、SII结果B组患儿较A组低,有统计学差异,治疗7天的NLR、PLR、SII均未见统计学差异。见表5

Table 5. Combined inflammatory index of blood routine tests in the two groups of patients on the 4th and 7th days of treatment

5. 两组患儿治疗第4天、第7天血常规组合炎症指数

A组

B组

t值

P

4天

7天

4天

7天

4天

7天

4天

7天

NLR

2.63 ± 1.18

2.12 ± 1.68

2.13 ± 1.03

1.89 ± 1.96

2.50

0.69

0.014

0.491

PLR

168.87 ± 68.73

150.16 ± 73.64

143.18 ± 57.29

156.69 ± 134.14

2.24

−0.33

0.027

0.746

SII

865.10 ± 487.44

669.67 ± 556.26

621.56 ± 320.52

600.85 ± 713.70

3.29

0.58

0.001

0.560

:NLR:中性粒细胞/淋巴细胞、PLR:血小板/淋巴细胞、SII:全身免疫炎症指数。

3.6. 治疗7~11天两组患儿血小板参数变化分析

治疗前两组患儿血小板参数比较,P > 0.05,差异无统计学意义。治疗后两组PLT、PCt、MPV、PDW均有所下降,提示两组治疗均可降低血小板参数,但两组治疗前后差值不存在统计学意义(P > 0.05)。提示两组治疗对于血小板参数指标的降低不存在显著差异。见表6

Table 6. Comparison of platelet parameters between the two groups before and after treatment

6. 两组患儿治疗前后血小板参数比较

A组

B组

Pab

治疗前

治疗后

差值a

治疗前

治疗后

差值b

PLT (109/L)

321.66 ± 70.50

311.34 ± 79.71

10.32 ± 100.09

323.20 ± 96.52

307.34 ± 89.11

15.86 ± 114.67

0.934

PCt (%)

0.30 ± 0.06

0.29 ± 0.07

0.01 ± 0.09

0.29 ± 0.09

0.29 ± 0.08

0.01 ± 0.10

0.274

MPV (fL)

8.80 ± 0.94

8.68 ± 1.12

0.13 ± 1.23

8.75 ± 0.87

8.56 ± 0.80

0.19 ± 1.2

0.580

PDW (fL)

14.01 ± 2.71

11.58 ± 3.17

2.43 ± 42.1

13.23 ± 3.04

10.43 ± 2.14

2.8 ± 3.49

0.967

:PLT:血小板;PCt:血小板压积;MPV:平均血小板体积;PDW:血小板分布宽度;ab:治疗前后的差值。

3.7. 肺功能分析

两组中出现喘息患儿15例,其中阿奇霉素组7例,米诺环素组8例,比较两组患儿治疗7天后的肺功能情况,B组患儿肺功能指标(FEV1、FVC、FEV1/FVC、PEF)明显较A组患儿高,提示米诺环素组肺功能指标改善更显著。见表7

Table 7. Comparison of lung function indicators between the two groups of children

7. 两组患儿肺功能指标比较

FEV1 (%)

FVC (%)

FEV1/FVC (%)

PEF (%)

A组

84.57 ± 12.15

74.71 ± 10.10

97.14 ± 11.70

65.57 ± 16.24

B组

101.00 ± 12.72

91.75 ± 11.77

109.50 ± 4.75

83.13 ± 17.44

t值

−2.55

−2.99

−2.75

−2.01

P

0.012

0.005

0.008

0.033

注:FEV1:第一秒用力呼气容积;FVC:用力肺活量;PEF:呼气峰流量。

3.8. 两组患儿肝肾功指标及不良反应分析

将两组患儿治疗前ALT、AST、Cr进行比较,差异无统计学意义(P > 0.05)。治疗后两组ALT、AST、Cr均有所下降,提示两组患儿均可使肝肾功指标降低,差值不存在统计学意义,见。治疗期间,A组出现皮疹患儿6例,发生率为10.7%,出现胃肠道反应患儿4例,发生率为7.1%;B组出现皮疹患儿3例,发生率为4.6%,出现胃肠道反应患儿2例,发生率为3.0%。将两组不良反应进行统计分析,差异不存在统计学意义(P = 0.093)。电话随访一年,米诺环素组治疗结束时未发现牙齿着色或染色。

Table 8. Changes in liver and kidney function indicators of two groups of children before and after treatment

8. 两组患儿治疗前后肝肾功指标变化

A组

B组

Pab

治疗前

治疗后

差值a

治疗前

治疗后

差值b

ALT (U/L)

25.21 ± 7.08

22.49 ± 6.86

2.72 ± 9.45

25.45 ± 6.31

21.05 ± 7.28

4.40 ± 9.61

0.337

AST (U/L)

30.03 ± 7.92

26.81 ± 4.97

3.22 ± 9.81

30.17 ± 8.48

25.62 ± 4.77

4.55 ± 10.69

0.483

Cr (umol/L)

61.28 ± 6.41

60.63 ± 6.87

0.65 ± 9.71

61.05 ± 10.35

59.85 ± 7.49

1.20 ± 13.57

0.801

:ALT:谷丙转氨酶;AST:谷草转氨酶;Cr:肌酐;ab:治疗前后的差值。

4. 讨论

近年来MP在儿童呼吸道疾病中的感染率高,耐大环内酯比例明显升高,重症MRMPP增多[11],治疗困难,常用二线药物有四环素类、氟喹诺酮类。MRMP的耐药机制主要是由于MP 23S rRNA中的A2063或A2064位点发生突变,导致MP与大环内酯类药物的结合能力降低,从而产生耐药[14] [15]。有学者认为新型四环素类药物疗程不超过21天可适用于任何年龄段患儿,但国内相关临床研究较少[16] [17]。对于重症MRMPP,指南及相关研究推荐应用皮质类固醇激素治疗[10] [18]。该研究显示米诺环素对儿童MRMPP短期疗效明显好于阿奇霉素,未发现明显不良反应,具有良好的临床实用价值。

MRMPP部分患儿早期应用二线药物,而部分患儿因检验时机和结果延迟或家属因素,未更换二线药物继续应用阿奇霉素,两者临床结局差异如何文章做了对比研究。米诺环素治疗疗效明显优于继续应用阿奇霉素治疗患儿,ESR、D-D、PCT炎症指标的下降程度明显,发热时间短,与Ahn等人研究相吻合。血常规相关炎症指数(NLR、PLR、SII),米诺环素治疗第4天时较阿奇霉素组患儿低,提示血常规相关炎症指数可作为短期内评价治疗疗效的指标,这也与以往研究一致[20]。米诺环素对重症MRMPP早期临床改善效果更好,提示能更快清除MRMP,清除作用强,快速降低MP致炎作用,炎症指标下降快,为何第7天治疗后血常规炎症指数较阿奇霉素组未见明显差异,分析原因为虽然阿奇霉素对MRMP清除作用差,但阿奇霉素具有一定的抗炎作用[21],且两组均应用甲泼尼龙治疗,故1周后血常规相关炎症指数两组无明显差异[22] [23],提示抗炎治疗可能才是影响预后的重点,因此MRMP应用抗炎治疗后是否更换二线药物,何时更换,长期来看是否具有临床优势,尚不确定。目前有研究认为大环内酯类药物治疗3天未见明显效果即可更换四环素类药物治疗[24]。从该角度看,值得进一步研究探索。有研究显示血小板及其参数变化是MRMPP病情评估指标[25],本研究也进行了对照分析,显示两组治疗均可使其下降,但未见两者之间具有明显的差异,考虑与激素应用或样本量较少有关。有15例患儿有喘息,其中阿奇霉素组患儿7例,米诺环素组患儿8例,对比两组治疗后肺功能情况,B组患儿肺功能明显较A组患儿好,提示米诺环素对患儿气道炎症控制快,喘息症状改善更好,对患儿肺功能具有明显改善[24]。对于ALT、AST、肌酐值变化,两组治疗均使其降低,但差异未存在明显差异,且治疗过程中未见明显的肝肾功损害。两组治疗患儿不良反应均较少,不存在明显差异。治疗期间未发现牙齿颜色异常,米诺环素治疗均有安全性,这也与相关研究一致[26] [27]

综上,米诺环素联合甲泼尼龙对于MRMPP短期临床症状改善和炎症指标下降具有显著效果,治疗疗程明显短于阿奇霉素治疗组,且无显著不良反应,具有明显的短期优势。两组治疗1周后血常规炎症指数等无显著差异,症状均好转,抗炎治疗下即使MP耐药应用阿奇霉素依然有效。但本研究存在一定的局限性,选择偏倚和混杂因素可能对结果造成一定影响;本研究为回顾性单中心研究,对米诺环素的安全性仅为短期观察,对于牙齿以及其他方面的长期安全性仍需设计更严谨、随访时间更长的研究来证实。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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