意定监护中被监护人意思自治与限制的平衡机制研究

Balance of Ward’s Will Autonomy and Restrictions in Voluntary Guardianship

摘要: 我国《民法典》所确立的意定监护制度，因与“全有或全无”的行为能力宣告制度刚性绑定，在实践中面临启动困难与功能异化的困境，导致其从“协助决策”的立法初衷滑向“替代决策”的现实结局，致使被监护人意思自治空间受到不当压缩。为解决此问题，本文以意定监护的有效启动为切入点，审视现行规范抽象化与行为能力宣告机制所带来的制度瓶颈。面对上述困境应在解释论上构建意定监护与行为能力宣告的“软脱钩”理论，将监护权限的启动与运行从僵化的类型化宣告，转向以被监护人“剩余意思能力”为核心的个案化评估。在此基础上，通过确立“预先指示”的法律效力、引入动态意思能力评估机制及构建“支持者”制度来保障意思自治；同时，通过适用“最小限制”与“最佳利益”原则，明确监护人超越被监护人意愿的例外情形，从而形成意思自治与必要限制的平衡机制，以期推动我国意定监护制度回归其尊重自我决定权的根本价值。

Abstract: The voluntary guardianship system established by China’s Civil Code, due to its rigid connection with the “all-or-nothing” declaration system of capacity for civil conduct, faces difficulties in initiation and alienation of functions in practice. This leads the system to deviate from its legislative original intention of “assisted decision-making” and slide into the practical outcome of “substituted decision-making”, improperly restricting the scope of the ward’s autonomy of will. To address this issue, this paper takes the effective initiation of voluntary guardianship as an entry point to examine the institutional bottlenecks caused by the abstraction of current norms and the declaration mechanism of capacity for civil conduct. The study argues that a theory of “soft decoupling” between voluntary guardianship and the declaration of capacity for civil conduct should be constructed from the perspective of interpretation. Specifically, the initiation and operation of guardianship authority should shift from the rigid categorized declaration to a case-specific assessment centered on the ward’s “residual disposing capacity”. On this basis, the autonomy of will should be protected by establishing the legal effect of “advance directives”, introducing a dynamic assessment mechanism for disposing capacity, and constructing a “supporter” system. Meanwhile, by applying the principles of “least restriction” and “best interests”, the exceptional circumstances where the guardian may act beyond the ward’s will should be clarified. In this way, a balancing mechanism between the autonomy of will and necessary restrictions can be formed, aiming to promote China’s voluntary guardianship system to return to its fundamental value of respecting the right to self-determination.