马克思人与自然关系认识及当代价值——基于《1844年经济学哲学手稿》的分析

Marx’s Understanding of the Relationship between Man and Nature and Contemporary Value—Based on the Analysis of the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844

摘要: 在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中，马克思关于人与自然关系的认识蕴含着丰富的生态智慧。基于对劳动异化现象的关注，马克思对当时国民经济学中存在的悖论进行了批判，并结合了黑格尔“对象性活动”与费尔巴哈“感性对象性”思想，形成了“感性对象性活动”的观点，进而正确认识了人与自然的辩证统一关系。马克思在《手稿》中关于人与自然关系的认识具有严密的内在逻辑，其以人与自然辩证统一关系认识为逻辑基点，从异化劳动的四个规定性方面阐述了资本主义背景下人与自然异化对立的异变，并指明了共产主义条件下人与自然关系将归于和解。其有关人与自然关系的认识中不仅能够为当代正确认识人与自然关系提供科学指导，是现代科技和产业绿色发展的行动指南，同时也是社会主义现代化建设的历史镜鉴，能够为全球生态治理提供伦理与制度构想。

Abstract: In the Economic and Philosophic Manuscripts of 1844, Marx’s understanding of the relationship between man and nature contains rich ecological wisdom. Based on the concern about the phenomenon of labor alienation, Marx criticized the paradoxes in national economics at that time, and combined Hegel’s “objective activity” with Feuerbach’s thought of “sensual objectivity” to form the view of “sensitive objective activity”, and then correctly understood the dialectical unified relationship between man and nature. Marx’s understanding of the relationship between man and nature in the Manuscript has a strict internal logic. It takes the understanding of the dialectical unified relationship between man and nature as the logical basis, explains the changes of the alienation and opposition between man and nature under the background of capitalism from the four prescribed aspects of alienated labor, and points out that man and nature under communist conditions. The relationship will be reconciled. Its understanding of the relationship between man and nature can not only provide scientific guidance for the correct understanding of the relationship between man and nature in contemporary times, but also an action guide for the green development of modern science and technology and industry. It is also a historical mirror for socialist modernization, and can provide ethical and institutional concepts for global ecological governance.