环境和生活方式因素对炎症性肠病发展的新兴影响

Emerging Impact of Environmental and Lifestyle Factors on the Development of Inflammatory Bowel Disease

摘要: 炎症性肠病(IBD)，包括克罗恩病和溃疡性结肠炎，是一种由遗传、环境、免疫和微生物因素复杂相互作用引发的慢性胃肠道疾病。近年来，其全球发病率持续上升，尤其是在新兴工业化国家，这凸显了非遗传因素在疾病发生发展中的关键作用。本综述旨在系统阐述环境与生活方式因素对IBD发展的影响，核心内容包括：探讨饮食模式、抗生素使用、空气污染等环境暴露如何通过破坏肠道菌群稳态、损害肠道屏障功能及激活异常免疫反应，从而驱动IBD的发病进程；同时，分析了吸烟、体力活动、睡眠模式及物质使用等生活方式因素对疾病活动与患者预后的调节作用。通过梳理这些因素的作用机制与相互关联，为制定科学的预防策略和综合管理方案提供理论依据。

Abstract: Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), including Crohn’s disease and ulcerative colitis, is a chronic gastrointestinal disorder triggered by complex interactions among genetic, environmental, immune, and microbial factors. In recent years, the global incidence of IBD has been steadily increasing, particularly in emerging industrialized countries, highlighting the critical role of non-genetic factors in the onset and progression of the disease. This review aims to systematically discuss the impact of environmental and lifestyle factors on the development of IBD. Key topics include: exploring how environmental exposures such as dietary patterns, antibiotic use, and air pollution drive the pathogenesis of IBD by disrupting gut microbiota homeostasis, damaging the intestinal barrier function, and activating abnormal immune responses; in addition, the review examines the regulatory effects of lifestyle factors such as smoking, physical activity, sleep patterns, and substance use on disease activity and patient prognosis. By outlining the mechanisms and interconnections of these factors, this review provides a theoretical basis for developing scientific prevention strategies and comprehensive management plans.