大学物理设计性实验中递进式教学环节的有效建构与实施

Effective Design and Implementation of Progressive Teaching in Design Based Experiments of College Physics

摘要: 设计性实验是提升大学生科学研究技能的有效抓手，但长期以来，教学设计目标不明确，干预介入无时机，评价反馈力度小的问题，始终困扰着大学物理实验教学。基于大学物理实验教学特点，本文提出了“引导–设计–实施–分析–评价”的五维教学框架，并着重介绍各阶段对应能力发展的能力维度要求、教师的干预时机及认知支架建构、团队合作和个人探究阶段学习任务模块的分工、过程评价四维监控对学生能力发展及校本数据库更新四个方面的动态监控和持续保障等，提出了逐步提升学生设计方案合理性、数据分析能力和创新迁移能力，在力学、电磁学等典型实验模块中的大学物理实验教学改进建议，并通过力、热学实验等辅助器材和信息技术的改造提升方式和“云盘”等现代信息技术助力路径解决实践教学中实验资源不足问题。

Abstract: Design-oriented experiments serve as an effective means to enhance college students’ scientific research skills. However, for a long time, issues such as ill-defined teaching design objectives, untimely intervention, and weak evaluation feedback have persistently plagued university physics experiment teaching. Based on the characteristics of university physics experiment teaching, this paper proposes a five-dimensional teaching framework of “guidance-design-implementation-analysis-evaluation”. It places particular emphasis on introducing the ability dimension requirements corresponding to the development of abilities at each stage, the timing of teachers’ intervention and the construction of cognitive scaffolds, the division of labor in learning task modules during the team collaboration and individual exploration phases, and the dynamic monitoring and continuous safeguarding in four aspects: the four-dimensional monitoring of process evaluation on students’ ability development and the updating of the school-based database. Furthermore, it puts forward suggestions for improving university physics experiment teaching in typical experimental modules such as mechanics and electromagnetism, aiming to gradually enhance students’ rationality in design proposals, data analysis abilities, and innovative transfer abilities. Additionally, it addresses the issue of insufficient experimental resources in practical teaching through the renovation and upgrading of auxiliary equipment for mechanics and thermodynamics experiments as well as information technology, and by leveraging modern information technology assistance paths such as “cloud drives”.