我国盐碱地养殖海水鱼类研究进展与发展思路

Advances and Prospects of Marine Fish Culture in Saline-Alkaline Lands in China

摘要: 发展盐碱地水产养殖是拓展渔业发展空间、促进盐碱地综合利用和落实“大食物观”的重要途径。在梳理我国盐碱地与盐碱水资源分布及其环境特征的基础上，本文系统总结了盐碱水高盐度、高碱度、高硬度以及离子组成复杂等特征及其与海水鱼类养殖适宜性的关系，概述了耐盐碱鱼类在渗透调节、离子转运、酸碱平衡和氨氮代谢等方面的生理与分子适应机制，为筛选与培育耐盐碱海水鱼类品种提供理论支撑。综合分析表明，目前盐碱地海水鱼养殖仍面临资源本底调查与渔业适宜性评价不足、耐盐碱专用品种匮乏、水质与工程调控成本偏高以及标准规范和产业链支撑体系不完善等问题。本文提出加强盐碱水渔业资源本底调查与适宜性评价、加快耐盐碱海水鱼良种选育与种业体系建设、集成推广“以渔降盐治碱”的渔农综合利用模式和绿色工厂化养殖技术，以及完善标准规范与政策支持体系等发展思路，以期为我国盐碱地海水鱼养殖产业的规划布局和技术攻关提供参考。

Abstract: Developing aquaculture in saline-alkali land is crucial for expanding fisheries, utilizing such land, and implementing the “greater food approach”. This paper reviews the distribution and features of saline-alkali water in China, summarizing its elevated salinity, alkalinity, hardness, and complex ion composition, and their impact on mariculture suitability. It outlines the physiological and molecular adaptation mechanisms of salt-tolerant fish in osmoregulation, ion transport, acid-base balance, and ammonia metabolism, offering theoretical support for breeding such species. Analysis shows that current saline-alkali mariculture faces challenges including insufficient resource surveys and suitability evaluations, a lack of specialized salt-tolerant breeds, high costs for water and engineering management, and incomplete standards and industrial support systems. This paper proposes strengthening resource surveys, accelerating the breeding of salt-tolerant fish and seed industry development, promoting integrated aquaculture-agriculture models and green industrialized farming technologies, and improving relevant standards and policy support. These suggestions aim to guide the planning and technological development of saline-alkali mariculture in China.