小胶质细胞在眼科疾病中的作用
The Role of Microglia in Ophthalmic Diseases
DOI: 10.12677/hjbm.2026.161011, PDF,   
作者: 安旭雅：重庆医科大学第五临床学院，重庆；赵祺瑞：重庆医科大学附属永川医院设备科，重庆
关键词: 小胶质细胞；糖尿病视网膜病变；疗效；细胞因子；Microglia； Diabetic Retinopathy； Efficacy； Cytokines
摘要: 小胶质细胞是视网膜内常驻的单核巨噬细胞，具有独特的极化特性，可在M2 (抗炎)与M1 (促炎)状态之间动态转变。这一极化过程在多种疾病的发生与治疗中备受关注，尤其在肿瘤、心血管及肾脏疾病研究中被视为潜在的治疗靶点。在糖尿病视网膜病变和葡萄膜炎中，小胶质细胞向M1型的极化会加剧炎症反应，从而促进疾病进展。其过度激活还会破坏神经血管单元，触发青光眼的病理过程；同时，M1型小胶质细胞分泌的TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-18等促炎因子也被认为是年龄相关性黄斑变性(AMD)的重要危险因素。因此，深入阐明小胶质细胞极化在视网膜疾病中的作用机制，有助于为相关疾病的防治提供新的思路。
Abstract: Microglia are resident mononuclear macrophages in the retina. They have unique polarization properties and can dynamically transition between M2 (anti-inflammatory) and M1 (pro-inflammatory) states. This polarization process has attracted much attention in the occurrence and treatment of various diseases, and is especially regarded as a potential therapeutic target in the research of tumors, cardiovascular and renal diseases. In diabetic retinopathy and uveitis, polarization of microglia toward the M1 type exacerbates the inflammatory response and thus promotes disease progression. Its overactivation can also destroy the neurovascular unit and trigger the pathological process of glaucoma; at the same time, pro-inflammatory factors such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-18 secreted by M1 microglia are also considered important risk factors for age-related macular degeneration (AMD). Therefore, in-depth elucidation of the mechanism of microglial polarization in retinal diseases will help provide new ideas for the prevention and treatment of related diseases.
文章引用：安旭雅, 赵祺瑞. 小胶质细胞在眼科疾病中的作用[J]. 生物医学, 2026, 16(1): 104-112. https://doi.org/10.12677/hjbm.2026.161011

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