海洋钻井平台油污基金与责任保险制度协同研究——以风险预防原则为视角

A Synergistic Study on the Oil Pollution Fund and Liability Insurance System for Offshore Drilling Platforms—From the Perspective of the Risk Prevention Principle

摘要: 在风险预防原则视角下，我国海上钻井平台油污损害救济制度面临法律体系分散、企业赔偿能力有限、社会化救济机制不足等问题，法律保障的欠缺在某种程度上导致类似“康菲溢油事件”的重大海上钻井平台溢油事故中索赔困难、生态修复迟滞等问题。相比之下，美国通过1990年《石油污染法案》建立的油污基金与财务担保制度协同体系，在风险分担、快速赔付和生态修复方面均体现出制度优势。为突破我国现行法律单一救济模式的局限性，建议我国合理借鉴美国油污基金制度体系，设立全国性油污损害基金，明确企业按产值分级缴费，基金承担垫付追偿职能；实施风险分级强制保险，将保额与平台风险等级挂钩，作为行政许可的重要条件，引入再保险分散风险；从而形成企业优先赔付，保险二次分担，基金补充保障的风险共担机制，实现政府、企业、保险机构、社会公众多元主体参与。

Abstract: From the perspective of the precautionary principle, China’s oil pollution damage relief system for offshore drilling platforms is plagued by issues including a fragmented legal framework, limited compensation capacity of enterprises, and inadequate socialized relief mechanisms. The lack of legal safeguards has, to a certain extent, resulted in difficulties in claim settlement and delays in ecological restoration in major offshore drilling platform oil spill accidents such as the ConocoPhillips Oil Spill Incident. By contrast, the coordinated system of the Oil Pollution Fund and financial guarantee mechanism established by the United States through the Oil Pollution Act of 1990 (OPA 1990) demonstrates institutional advantages in risk sharing, rapid compensation, and ecological restoration. To address the limitations of China’s current single relief model, it is proposed that China reasonably draw on the U.S. oil pollution fund system by establishing a national oil pollution damage fund, clarifying a tiered contribution mechanism for enterprises based on their output value, and endowing the fund with the functions of advance payment and subsequent recovery. Additionally, mandatory risk-based insurance should be implemented, with insurance coverage linked to the risk level of platforms and made a key prerequisite for administrative licensing; reinsurance should also be introduced to diversify risks. Through these measures, a risk-sharing mechanism can be formed, featuring priority compensation by enterprises, secondary risk sharing by insurance, and supplementary protection by the fund, thereby enabling the participation of multiple stakeholders including the government, enterprises, insurance institutions, and the public.