注意对视觉工作记忆的静态与动态调节机制综述

A Review of the Static and Dynamic Modulation of Visual Working Memory by Attention

摘要: 视觉工作记忆(Visual Working Memory, VWM)是个体认知系统的核心成分，其表现受到注意控制的密切调节。传统研究主要从静态的特质角度出发，认为个体的注意过滤能力决定了VWM的容量限制。然而，近年来的研究指出，注意并非稳定的资源，而是具有逐时刻波动的特性。文章首先回顾了VWM的理论模型及注意过滤机制的经典研究；随后，重点综述了基于持续性注意波动的最新研究进展。通过实时触发范式结合行为与瞳孔测量指标的研究发现，注意状态的瞬时波动与VWM存在同步共变关系：高注意状态预示着更好的记忆表现，而低注意状态则与更差的记忆表现相关。这一动态视角不仅解释了VWM表现的个体内差异，也为揭示注意与记忆共享认知资源提供了证据。未来研究可以围绕挖掘更灵敏、更可靠的追踪注意状态指标、深入揭示注意与VWM相互作用的时间进程，以及应用闭环神经调控技术改善个体的注意等方向展开。

Abstract: Visual working memory (VWM) is a core component of the human cognitive system, and its performance is tightly regulated by attentional control. Traditional research has primarily adopted a static, trait-based perspective, proposing that individual differences in attentional filtering ability determine the capacity limits of VWM. In recent years, however, accumulating evidence suggests that attention is not a stable resource but instead fluctuates dynamically over time. The present review first summarizes classic research on theoretical models of VWM and attentional filtering mechanisms, and then focuses on recent advances that adopt a dynamic perspective by examining moment-to-moment fluctuations in sustained attention. Studies employing real-time triggering paradigms in combination with behavioral and pupillometric measures have demonstrated a synchronous covariation between instantaneous attentional states and VWM performance: periods of heightened attention reliably predict enhanced memory performance, whereas lapses in attention are associated with poorer memory outcomes. This dynamic framework not only accounts for intra-individual variability in VWM performance but also provides converging evidence that attention and memory draw on shared cognitive resources. Future research may benefit from developing more sensitive and reliable indices for tracking attentional states, elucidating the temporal dynamics of attention-VWM interactions, and exploring the application of closed-loop neuromodulation techniques to improve attentional regulation.