马克思关于“人”的思想——以《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》为文本基点

Marx’s Thoughts on “Humanity”—With Theses on Feuerbach as the Textual Basis

摘要: 从古代先贤到近现代学者，无论中西方，历代思想家都在不断追问与探寻关于“人”的问题。《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》是马克思思想发展进程中的关键文本，集中体现了他对旧唯物主义的反思与突破，更蕴含着马克思关于人的思想的核心雏形。本文以《提纲》为核心文本依据，结合文本考据与理论解读，系统分析马克思对旧哲学，尤其是对费尔巴哈抽象人性论的批判与超越。既指出旧哲学脱离具体实践、孤立静态看待人的固有局限，也阐明马克思立足现实、紧扣实践理解人的思想革新之处。在此基础上，进一步理清马克思人学思想的理论源头、核心要义与内在逻辑。

Abstract: From ancient sages to modern and contemporary scholars, thinkers across both Eastern and Western civilizations have consistently probed and explored the question of “humanity”. Theses on Feuerbach stands as a pivotal text in the evolution of Marx’s thought, embodying his reflection on and breakthrough from old materialism, while also containing the core embryonic form of his ideas about human beings. Taking Theses on Feuerbach as the central textual basis, this paper systematically analyzes Marx’s criticism and transcendence of traditional philosophy, particularly Feuerbach’s abstract humanism, by integrating textual research and theoretical interpretation. It not only points out the inherent limitations of traditional philosophy—its detachment from concrete practice and its tendency to view human beings in an isolated and static manner—but also expounds the innovative aspects of Marx’s thought, which understands human beings based on reality and closely linked to practice. On this foundation, the paper further clarifies the theoretical origins, core essence and internal logic of Marx’s humanistic thought.