气凝胶复合外墙保温板数值模拟研究

Numerical Simulation Study on Aerogel Composite Exterior Wall Insulation Board

摘要: 针对近零能耗建筑外墙保温“薄层高效”需求与老旧小区改造空间占用痛点，本研究以二氧化硅气凝胶复合保温板为对象，采用Abaqus有限元软件构建建筑外墙保温体系三维热传导模型，系统分析其温度场分布、热流传递特性，并与传统XPS保温板进行性能对比，结合试验验证模型可靠性。结果表明：40 mm厚气凝胶复合板与100 mm厚XPS板保温效能相当，平均热流密度仅2.1 W/m² (XPS为5.3 W/m²)，热流减少率达60.4%，空间占用率降低60%；芯材厚度分析显示，气凝胶芯材厚度对保温性能影响最显著(敏感性系数0.78)；模拟值与试验值相对误差 ≤ 5.3%，模型精度满足工程要求。本研究为气凝胶复合保温板的结构优化与工程应用提供了精准数值支撑。

Abstract: Aiming at the “thin-layer and high-efficiency” demand for external wall insulation of near-zero energy buildings (NZEBs) and the space occupation constraint in the renovation of old residential districts, this study focuses on SiO₂ aerogel composite insulation boards. A three-dimensional heat transfer model of the building external wall insulation system was established using Abaqus finite element software to systematically analyze its temperature field distribution and heat flux transfer characteristics. Performance comparison with traditional XPS insulation boards was conducted, and the model reliability was verified through experiments. The results show that a 40mm-thick aerogel composite board achieves thermal insulation efficiency equivalent to a 100 mm-thick XPS board, with an average heat flux density of only 2.1 W/m² (5.3 W/m² for XPS), a heat flux reduction rate of 60.4%, and a 60% decrease in space occupation. Analysis of the core layer thickness indicates that the thickness of the aerogel core layer has the most significant impact on thermal insulation performance (sensitivity coefficient: 0.78). The relative error between the simulation results and experimental data is ≤5.3%, demonstrating that the model accuracy meets engineering requirements. This study provides precise numerical support for the structural optimization and engineering application of aerogel composite insulation boards.