生活垃圾焚烧烟气多污染物协同脱除进展：材料、机理与技术
Recent Advances in Integrated Synergistic Removal of Multi-Pollutants from MSWI Flue Gas: Materials, Mechanisms, and Technologies
摘要: 随着城市化进程的加速，生活垃圾(MSW)产生量逐年增加，焚烧作为一种能够快速实现MSW减容减量效果的处理方式，现已成为我国MSW的主流处理工艺。然而，面对垃圾组分波动引发的非均质燃烧及日益严苛的环保法规(如欧盟IED指令和中国GB 18485-2014)，传统单一污染物–单一设备的串联式烟气净化模式因系统冗余、能耗巨大及污染物间交叉干扰，已难以满足深度净化与低碳运行的双重需求。本文系统综述了MSW焚烧烟气多污染物协同脱除技术的理论突破与工程实践，重点探讨了：1) 改性钒钛基、锰铈基及功能化金属有机框架等新型催化吸附材料的构效关系与抗中毒机理；2) NOx与二噁英、Hg0与卤素在催化界面上的竞争吸附与协同氧化还原微观机制；3) 催化滤袋、协同湿法氧化及炉内抑制剂喷射等一体化集成技术的工程应用性能。最后，结合人工智能优化控制与碳捕集技术展望了下一代智能化、低碳化生活垃圾焚烧烟气净化系统的发展方向。
Abstract: With the acceleration of urbanization, the generation of municipal solid waste (MSW) has grown exponentially. Municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI), as a treatment method capable of achieving significant volume reduction (approximately 90%) and energy recovery, has become a core strategy for MSW management worldwide. Facing increasingly stringent global environmental regulations (such as the EU IED directive, and China’s GB 18485-2014), the traditional “single pollutant-single control equipment” series treatment mode struggles to meet the dual demands of deep purification and low-carbon operation due to bloated systems, high energy consumption, and negative cross-interference between pollutants. This paper systematically reviews theoretical breakthroughs and engineering practices in integrated synergistic removal technologies for multi-pollutants, focusing on: 1) the structure-activity relationships and anti-poisoning mechanisms of novel catalytic adsorption materials such as modified vanadium-titanium-based, manganese-cerium-based, and functionalized MOFs; 2) the microscopic mechanisms of competitive adsorption and synergistic redox between NOx and dioxins, as well as Hg0 and halogens at catalytic interfaces; and 3) the engineering application performance of integrated technologies such as catalytic filter bags, synergistic wet oxidation, and in-furnace inhibitor injection. Finally, combining artificial intelligence optimization control and carbon capture technology, the paper prospects the development direction of the next generation of intelligent, low-carbon MSWI flue gas purification systems.
文章引用：黎嘉淇, 刘慧, 谢运敬, 丁子航, 魏军晓. 生活垃圾焚烧烟气多污染物协同脱除进展：材料、机理与技术[J]. 化学工程与技术, 2026, 16(1): 64-75. https://doi.org/10.12677/hjcet.2026.161007

参考文献

[1] Li, Z., Fan, T.W., Lun, M.S. and Li, Q. (2024) Optimization of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration for Low-Nox Emissions through Numerical Simulation. Scientific Reports, 14, Article No. 19309. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[2] Bottini, I., Vecchi, S., De Sario, M., Bauleo, L., Trentalange, A., Michelozzi, P., et al. (2025) Residential Exposure to Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators and Health Effects: A Systematic Review with Meta-Analysis. BMC Public Health, 25, Article No. 1989. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[3] Wang, W., Tian, S., Long, J., Liu, J., Ma, Q., Xu, K., et al. (2022) Investigation and Evaluation of Flue Gas Pollutants Emission in Waste-to-Energy Plant with Flue Gas Recirculation. Atmosphere, 13, Article 1016. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[4] Wielgosiński, G., Czerwińska, J., Szymańska, O. and Bujak, J. (2020) Simultaneous Nox and Dioxin Removal in the SNCR Process. Sustainability, 12, Article 5766. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[5] Liu, J., Zhao, D., Wu, F., Luo, H., Hou, D. and Peng, Y. (2025) Impact of Air Pollution Control Devices on VOC Profiles and Emissions from Municipal Waste Incineration Plant. Toxics, 13, Article 1067. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[6] USEPA (2024) EPA Proposes Stronger Air Pollution Standards for Large Facilities that Burn Municipal Solid Waste.
[7] Schüttenhelm, W., Holste, R. and Licata, A. (2000) New Trends in Flue Gas Cleaning Technologies for European and Asian Waste Incineration Facilities. 8th Annual North American Waste-to-Energy Conference, Nashville, 22-24 May 2020, 1-17.
[8] Suzuki, T., Katsuki, M., Shizukuishi, K., et al. (2012) Basic Performance of HBF®(Hybrid Bag Filter) and Operation Reports for Incineration Plants. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review, 49, 105-111.
[9] Zhou, H., Hong, L., Chen, D., Lu, J. and Song, X. (2024) Influences of Non-SCR De-Nox Technologies on Nox and Dioxin Emissions in Full Scale Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 24, Article 230319. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[10] Wang, Y., Wang, Z. and Liu, Y. (2021) Review on Removal of So2, Nox, Mercury, and Arsenic from Flue Gas Using Green Oxidation Absorption Technology. Energy & Fuels, 35, 9775-9794. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[11] Yang, Y., Hou, Y., Tian, J., Ding, X., Ma, S., Zeng, Z., et al. (2024) Changes of Nitrate Activity and Byproduct Distribution Characteristics for Synergistic Nox and Dioxin Abatement over V2O5/Ac Catalyst. ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces, 16, 24562-24571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[12] Zhai, S., Su, Y., Weng, X., et al. (2021) Synergistic Elimination of NOx and Chlorinated Organics over VOx/TiO2 Catalysts: A Combined Experimental and DFT Study for Exploring Vanadate Domain Effect. Environmental Science & Technology, 55, 12862-12870.
[13] Wu, Y., Yu, Y., Cai, Q., Zhao, H., Guo, R., Zhou, J., et al. (2023) Promotional Effects of FeOx on the Commercial SCR Catalyst for the Synergistic Removal of NO and Dioxins from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Flue Gas. Energy & Fuels, 37, 8512-8522. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[14] Zhao, Y., Hao, R., Xue, F. and Feng, Y. (2017) Simultaneous Removal of Multi-Pollutants from Flue Gas by a Vaporized Composite Absorbent. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 321, 500-508. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[15] Liu, R., Xu, W., Tong, L. and Zhu, T. (2015) Mechanism of Hg0 Oxidation in the Presence of HCL over a Commercial V2O5-WO3/TiO2 SCR Catalyst. Journal of Environmental Sciences, 36, 76-83. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[16] Li, C., Sriram, V. and Lee, J. (2022) A Kinetic Study of Hg(0) Oxidation over Mo-Promoted V-Based SCR Catalyst. Chemical Engineering Journal, 427, Article 131864. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[17] Tseng, H., Wey, M., Liang, Y. and Chen, K. (2003) Catalytic Removal of SO2, NO and HCL from Incineration Flue Gas over Activated Carbon-Supported Metal Oxides. Carbon, 41, 1079-1085. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[18] Tian, Z., Ding, X., Pan, H., Xue, Q., Chen, J. and He, C. (2025) A Review of Simultaneous Catalytic Removal of NOx and VOCs: From Mechanism to Modification Strategy. Catalysts, 15, Article 1114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[19] An, D., Zhang, X., Cheng, X. and Dong, Y. (2018) Performance of Mn-Fe-Ce/GO-X for Catalytic Oxidation of Hg0 and Selective Catalytic Reduction of Nox in the Same Temperature Range. Catalysts, 8, Article 399. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[20] Fu, Y., Xin, Q., Zhang, S. and Yang, Y. (2021) Simultaneous Catalytic Removal of VOCs and Nox with the Dual-Layered Catalyst of CoCeOx and V2O5/TiO2. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 21, Article 210214. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[21] Chen, S., Xie, R., Liu, Z., Ma, L. and Yan, N. (2023) Efficient Nox Reduction against Alkali Poisoning over a Self-Protection Armor by Fabricating Surface Ce2(SO4)3 Species: Comparison to Commercial Vanadia Catalysts. Environmental Science & Technology, 57, 2949-2957. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[22] Xiao, X., Wang, J., Jia, X., Ma, C., Qiao, W. and Ling, L. (2021) Low-Temperature Selective Catalytic Reduction of Nox with Nh3 over Mn-Ce Composites Synthesized by Polymer-Assisted Deposition. ACS Omega, 6, 12801-12812. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[23] Kang, D., Shi, Q., Zhang, C., Zhao, P., Lyu, H., Yang, M., et al. (2023) Synergistic Removal of Nox and CB by Co-MnOx Catalysts in a Low-Temperature Window. Chemical Engineering Journal, 476, Article 146369. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[24] Zhao, L., Zhang, Y. and Kang, M. (2021) Recent Advances in Heighten Sulfur Resistance of SCR Catalysts: A Review. Environmental Engineering Research, 27, 200642-0. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[25] Xu, Q., Yang, W., Cui, S., Street, J. and Luo, Y. (2018) Sulfur Resistance of Ce-Mn/TiO2 Catalysts for Low-Temperature NH3-SCR. Royal Society Open Science, 5, Article 171846. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[26] Izquierdo, M.T., Rubio, B., Mayoral, C. and Andrés, J.M. (2003) Low Cost Coal-Based Carbons for Combined SO2 and NO Removal from Exhaust Gas. Fuel, 82, 147-151. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[27] Wang, Y., Ma, C., Dou, Z. and Liu, Y. (2023) Simultaneous Removal of SO2, NO and Hg0 Using Porous Carbon/Heat-Coactivated Persulfate System. Fuel Processing Technology, 244, Article 107698. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[28] Guo, Y., Xu, L., Zheng, J., Geng, N., Wang, Y., Yao, M., et al. (2024) Functionalized Dual/Multiligand Metal-Organic Frameworks for Efficient Co2 Capture under Flue Gas Conditions. Environmental Science & Technology, 58, 22456-22465. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[29] Liu, L., Zhao, B., Wu, D., Wang, X., Yao, W., Ma, Z., et al. (2023) Rational Design of MOF@COF Composites with Multi-Site Functional Groups for Enhanced Elimination of U(VI) from Aqueous Solution. Chemosphere, 341, Article 140086. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[30] Darmansyah, D., You, S. and Wang, Y. (2024) Modification of Recycled Industrial Solid Waste Incineration Fly Ash as a Low-Cost Catalyst for Nox Removal. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 24, Article 230247. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[31] GORE (2025) Dioxin & Furan Catalytic Filter Bags—GORE® REMEDIA®.
[32] MITSUBISHI (2025) Advanced Flue Gas Treatment.
[33] Nielsen, A.R., Pedersen, K. and Pedersen, A.H. (2021) The TripleCat DNX-LT SCR Catalyst: Maximizing Activity at Low Temperature.
https://fcs.umicore.com/storage/fcs/triplecat-dnx-lt-maximizing-activity-at-low-temperatures.pdf
[34] Kang, M., Park, E.D., Kim, J.M. and Yie, J.E. (2009) Simultaneous Removal of Particulates and NO by the Catalytic Bag Filter Containing MnOx Catalysts. Korean Journal of Chemical Engineering, 26, 86-89. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[35] Fritsky, K.J., Kumm, J.H. and Wilken, M. (2001) Combined PCDD/F Destruction and Particulate Control in a Baghouse: Experience with a Catalytic Filter System at a Medical Waste Incineration Plant. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 51, 1642-1649. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[36] Katsuki, M., Suzuki, T., Asai, Y., et al. (2024) Commercialization of Hybrid Bag Filter® (HBF) Made of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) with Capability of Decomposing Dioxins and Reducing Environmental Impact. Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Technical Review, 61, 1-6.
[37] TOPSOE (2025) CataFlex™ Catalyst.
[38] Choi, J., Mun, S., Kim, S., et al. (2002) Simultaneous Removal of Particulates and NOx Using Catalyst Impregnated Fibrous Ceramic Filters. Ajou University.
[39] Zhu, X., Li, S., Li, J., Zhou, S., Yan, B., Sun, Y., et al. (2022) A Component Synergy of Flue Gas Torrefaction of Municipal Solid Waste. Fuel Processing Technology, 238, Article 107517. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[40] Yamamoto, Y., Yamamoto, H., Takada, D., Kuroki, T., Fujishima, H. and Okubo, M. (2016) Simultaneous Removal of Nox and Sox from Flue Gas of a Glass Melting Furnace Using a Combined Ozone Injection and Semi-Dry Chemical Process. Ozone: Science & Engineering, 38, 211-218. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[41] Liu, W., Zhao, B., Feng, Q., Zhou, Z. and Lu, J. (2023) Synergistic Effect of Multi-Field Force on Condensable Particulate Matter Properties and Behavior in Flue Gas: A Case Study in a Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Plant. Aerosol and Air Quality Research, 23, Article 220217. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[42] Armendariz, A. (2008) The Costs and Benefits of Selective Catalytic Reduction on Cement Kilns for Multi-Pollutant Control. Ph. D. Thesis, Southern Methodist University.
[43] AQMD (2024) Proposed Rule 1165 Control of Emissions from Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators.
[44] Jurczyk, M., Mikus, M. and Dziedzic, K. (2016) Flue Gas Cleaning in Municipal Waste-to-Energy Plants—Part I. Infrastructure and Ecology of Rural Areas. 1179-1193.
[45] Brandin, J.G.M. and Odenbrand, C.U.I. (2018) Deactivation and Characterization of SCR Catalysts Used in Municipal Waste Incineration Applications. Catalysis Letters, 148, 312-327. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[46] National Research Council, Commissionon Life Sciences, Boardon Environmental Studies, et al. (2000) Waste Incineration & Public Health. National Academy Press, 1-313.
[47] Aokai (2025) Waste Incineration Industry.
[48] ECFR (2023) 40 CFR Part 1065 Subpart L—Accelerated Aftertreatment Aging.
[49] Zhao, B., Hu, X. and Lu, J. (2022) Analysis and Discussion on Formation and Control of Dioxins Generated from Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Process. Journal of the Air & Waste Management Association, 72, 1063-1082. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
[50] Tang, J., Wang, T., Xia, H. and Cui, C. (2024) An Overview of Artificial Intelligence Application for Optimal Control of Municipal Solid Waste Incineration Process. Sustainability, 16, Article 2042. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[51] Yin, W., Wen, C., Liu, L., Xie, D., Han, J. and Lin, X. (2024) Prediction and Correlation Study of Dioxin Emissions Classifications from Municipal Solid Waste Incinerators. Atmospheric Pollution Research, 15, Article 102066. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] 
[52] Liu, Y., Zhang, M., Wen, S., Li, J., Chen, Y., Wei, J., et al. (2025) Prediction of Dioxins Emissions from Modern WtE Plants with Machine Learning: In View of Capacities, Operation, and Age of Incinerators. Process Safety and Environmental Protection, 200, Article 107353. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]