北洞山汉墓水害形成机制与数值模拟分析

Formation Mechanism and Numerical Simulation Analysis of Water Damage in the Han Dynasty Tomb of Beidongshan

摘要: 受大气降雨、地表水与地下水的协同作用影响，北洞山汉墓墓室出现渗水、滴水、凝结水及积水等水害。为揭示北洞山汉墓墓室水害的形成机理，本研究通过现场调查、室内试验、理论分析及GeoStudio/SEEP-W数值模拟等手段，系统剖析了墓室区域的工程地质条件、水文地质条件、水害类型与形成机制。研究表明，墓室内水害主要表现为“局部强渗水 + 大范围高湿”特征，受降雨、岩溶发育特征及京杭运河水位变化的影响显著。数值模拟结果显示，墓室处于地下水位以上的非饱和带，自然降雨虽难以形成持续高静水压力，却会加剧浅部岩土体中水的入渗，并形成指向墓室内部的渗流通道，对文物长期保存构成严重威胁。建议采用通风、除湿及防渗的综合措施，降低水害对北洞山汉墓的影响，实现文物长久保存。

Abstract: Affected by the synergistic effect of atmospheric rainfall, surface water, and groundwater, the chambers of the Beidongshan Han Tomb have suffered from water damage such as water seepage, dripping water, condensed water, and ponding. To reveal the formation mechanism of water damage in the chambers of the Beidongshan Han Tomb, this study systematically analyzed the engineering geological conditions, hydrogeological conditions, types of water damage, and their formation mechanisms in the tomb area through field investigations, laboratory tests, theoretical analysis, and numerical simulation using GeoStudio/SEEP-W. The results show that the water damage in the chambers is mainly characterized by “local strong water seepage + large-scale high humidity”, which is significantly affected by rainfall, karst development characteristics, and water level changes of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal. The numerical simulation results indicate that the chambers are located in the unsaturated zone above the groundwater level. Although natural rainfall is difficult to form continuous high hydrostatic pressure, it will intensify the infiltration of water in the shallow rock and soil mass and form seepage channels leading to the interior of the chambers, posing a serious threat to the long-term preservation of cultural relics. It is suggested to adopt comprehensive measures of ventilation, dehumidification, and seepage prevention to reduce the impact of water damage on the Beidongshan Han Tomb and achieve long-term preservation of cultural relics.