袖状胃切除术中胃的切除范围与患者预后
Gastric Resection Extent in Sleeve Gastrectomy and Patient Outcomes
摘要: 目的:系统回顾腹腔镜袖状胃切除术中胃切除范围与患者预后的关系,为临床实践提供循证依据。方法:综合分析距幽门切除起始点距离(DFP)及胃支撑管尺寸对术后减重效果、代谢改善、并发症发生率的影响。结果:激进切除(DFP ≤ 3 cm)可提升早期减重效果及糖尿病缓解率,术后1年超重减轻百分比(%EWL)较保守切除组高8.3% (P < 0.001),但5年体重反弹风险增加(18% vs 9%),新发胃食管反流病(GERD)发生率升高2.1~3.4倍。保守切除(DFP > 5 cm)虽早期减重较缓,但利于长期生活质量维持及反流控制。胃管尺寸方面,32~36 Fr可平衡减重效果与吻合口漏风险(漏发生率0.92% vs 2.67%)。术后脱水风险以胃管 < 36 Fr联合DFP ≥ 4 cm组合最低。结论:DFP 3~5 cm结合适中胃底切除为多数患者的最优方案,可平衡减重(%EWL > 60%)、共病缓解及并发症控制。临床决策需基于患者年龄、BMI、反流史等因素个体化制定。
Abstract: Objective: This paper aims to systematically review the relationship between gastric resection extent in laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) and patient outcomes, providing evidence-based guidance for clinical practice. Methods: A comprehensive analysis was conducted on the impact of distance from pylorus (DFP) and bougie size on postoperative weight loss, metabolic improvement, and complication rates. Results: Aggressive resection (DFP ≤ 3 cm) enhanced early weight loss and diabetes remission, with 1-year percentage of excess weight loss (%EWL) 8.3% higher than conservative resection (P < 0.001), but increased 5-year weight regain risk (18% vs 9%) and de novo gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) incidence by 2.1~3.4 folds. Conservative resection (DFP > 5 cm), though achieving slower early weight loss, favored long-term quality of life and reflux control. Regarding bougie size, 32~36 Fr balanced weight loss efficacy with staple line leak risk (leak rate 0.92% vs 2.67%). Postoperative dehydration risk was minimized with bougie < 36 Fr combined with DFP ≥ 4 cm. Conclusion: DFP of 3~5 cm with moderate fundal resection represents the optimal approach for most patients, balancing weight loss (%EWL > 60%), comorbidity resolution, and complication control. Clinical decision-making should be individualized based on patient age, BMI, reflux history, and other factors.
文章引用:杨凯政, 曾梦华. 袖状胃切除术中胃的切除范围与患者预后[J]. 临床医学进展, 2026, 16(1): 1818-1825. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2026.161231

1. 引言

肥胖症及其并发症已成为全球公共卫生危机,预计到2030年将影响超过10亿人[1]。腹腔镜下袖状胃切除术(laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy, LSG)作为减重手术的首选,已占全球减重与代谢手术的60%以上,其机制包括胃容量减少、胃饥饿素分泌抑制及肠道激素调控[2]。 然而,术中胃切除范围——特别是距幽门起始切除线的距离仍存在争议。临床实践中,切除起始点距离幽门的距离通常在2~8 cm之间选择,但缺乏统一标准,导致减重效果、代谢改善及并发症风险的变异性增加[3]

本综述旨在全面回顾当前关于袖状胃切除术中胃切除范围与患者预后之间关系的研究,主要探讨不同切除范围对患者术后效果、并发症发生的影响,以期为临床医生提供更为科学的参考依据,推动该领域的进一步研究和临床实践的优化。

2. 腹腔镜下袖状胃切除术概述

袖状胃切除术最初被用于胆胰分流术(BPD)的最初阶段手术,腹腔镜袖状胃切除术(LSG)被用作接受减肥手术的高危患者的第一步。然而,它现在越来越被视为一种独立的程序,后来更多的病例证实LSG是一种安全有效的减肥手术,具有令人满意的减肥效果和对合并症的影响[4]

该手术通过沿胃大弯侧垂直切除胃底和胃体约70%~80%的胃组织,将剩余胃塑形为容量约80~150 mL的“袖状”胃管,既显著限制了食物的摄入量,又通过切除胃底减少饥饿素(ghrelin)分泌,从而产生明显的食欲抑制效应[5]

在LSG中,胃支撑管及切割起点据幽门的距离作为最重要的手术参考标准,术者在切除胃时通常会沿着胃支撑管的边缘来进行,所切除的胃的范围也因此受这两种因素调控,故其对于手术结果起决定性作用[6]。但因目前尚未有固定的切除范围标准,世界各地在胃支撑管、切割起点的选择方面尚未达成共识,这导致患者术后的减重效果、并发症(特别是胃食管反流)的表现差异较大[7]。目前最常用的方式为选择32 F左右的胃管,以距离幽门4~6 cm处为起点,距离胃支撑管约1 cm处为切缘,止于胃底水平距食管约1~2 cm处[8]

3. 切除范围对胃生理功能的影响

袖状胃切除术的核心在于胃体积的精准削减与剩余胃管形态的标准化,但不同切除范围直接影响术后胃排空、胃内压、胃食管交界功能以及多种胃肠激素分泌轴,进而决定减重效果、反流风险与营养代谢结局。

传统SG距幽门4~6 cm开始切除,保留胃窦约2 cm。近年多项研究表明,保留胃窦越少(<2 cm),术后早期胃排空越快,1年%EWL越高(平均多5%~8%),但同时袖状胃管基底压力显著升高,新发GERD风险增加2.1~3.4倍。同时,有研究表明保留胃窦的长度的差异并未展现出GLP-1和GIP在1年后的分泌水平差异[9]。但在Gonzalo-Martín Pérez-Arana等人[10]的动物研究中,提示术中保留胃窦可能有助于糖耐量的改善。

在胃的抗反流机制方面,袖状胃切除术的范围对其的影响目前尚存在争议,有前瞻性研究将患者分为保留胃窦和不保留胃窦组,术后随访6个月底的结果并未提示两组患者有明显的差异[11]。但目前仍缺乏长期、大样本量的研究,这目前也是亟待解决的问题,以及未来可能的热点研究方向。

4. 切除范围对术后并发症的影响

袖状胃切除术(LSG)不同切除范围主要通过距幽门距离(DFP)及胃底切除彻底程度(所使用Bougie管尺寸)体现,其对围手术期及远期并发症的影响呈双向性:过于激进的切除(DFP ≤ 2 cm + 胃底紧贴食管切除或Bougie管直径过小)可增加某些特异性风险,而过于保守的切除(DFP > 6 cm或胃底残留或Bougie管直径过大)则与另一些并发症相关。

在吻合口漏及相关并发症方面,一项meta分析纳入11项符合标准的原始研究,分析了管径大于36Fr及小于36Fr的两组患者术后并发症情况,发现使用较细直径胃管的患者,术后多余体重减少百分比(% EWL)显著更高,标准化均数差(SMD)为0.23 (95% CI: 0.14~0.33, P < 0.001),即细胃管组减重效果优于粗胃管组,而术后胃肠道漏发生率:两组无显著差异(OR = 0.91, 95% CI: 0.67~1.24, P = 0.554) [12]。但在更大样本的一项研究中,Jonathan B Yuval等人纳入了32项研究共4999名患者,结果表明使用40 Fr及更大尺寸胃管的患者,术后吻合口漏发生率为0.92%;而使用更小尺寸胃管的患者,漏发生率为2.67%,两组差异具有统计学意义(P < 0.05),即大尺寸探条组漏风险明显更低,同时提出了使用中间尺寸的胃管(32~36 Fr)可使手术效果与风险达到较好的平衡[13]。但目前对于术中胃管的最佳尺寸仍存在争议,需要更多的多中心、前瞻性的随机试验来验证,并逐步形成专家共识。综合各种研究,Angelo Iossa等人则提出了为提高手术的安全性,一定程度上保证手术效果,应在距离幽门5~6 cm、使用40 Fr或更粗的胃管进行切割[14]

作为袖状胃切除术后最热点的问题,胃食管反流(GERD)的术前术后检查一直作为减重外科医生绕不开的话题。在北欧的一项多中心研究中,研究者发现切除更多的胃组织,保留更少的his角,在术后2年的随访中提示其的确可以使术后体重下降更多,但术后新发GERD的概率明显增加(发生率从3.5%升至17.8%) [15]。但在术后1年的时间看来,多数患者在此时间段已有显著的减重效果,但Patricio Cal等人进行的随机对照试验表明在术后1年的随访中,使用27 Fr和39 Fr进行手术的两组患者术后尽管减重效果展现出差异,但术后GERD却没有明显的统计学差异,这提示术后可能具有一个较长时间段来对GERD进行预防和早期干预[16]

在其他更少见的并发症的研究方面,如术后脱水,有研究表明腹腔镜袖状胃切除术中,胃管尺寸和胃切除起始点距幽门的距离是影响术后脱水风险的重要技术因素。标准化这两项手术操作细节,有助于降低术后脱水发生率及患者再入院率,并且胃管尺寸 < 36 Fr + 距幽门距离 ≥ 4 cm患者发生脱水相关并发症的概率显著低于其他组,是脱水风险最低的组合[17]。在术后营养缺乏方面,因发生率较低、随访时间较长,暂时缺乏较高水平的研究。

5. 切除范围对手术预后的影响

患者术后的体重减少、代谢疾病特别是糖代谢异常的改善作为减重手术的核心指标,减重手术相关研究几乎都离不开这项话题。袖状胃切除术(LSG)的切除范围大多决定于距离幽门的切除起始点及术中胃支撑管的尺寸。

现有证据显示,激进切除(DFP ≤ 3 cm)往往提升早期减重及糖尿病缓解,但可能伴随更高体重反弹风险;保守切除(DFP > 5 cm)虽减重较缓和,却利于长期QOL及反流控制[18]-[20]。2025年一项基于欧洲肥胖手术注册库的队列研究首次量化了DFP与预后的剂量–反应关系,强调个体化策略的重要性[21]。而在Bougie管的选择中,有研究表明,在术后1年(减重平台期逐渐出现时)的随访中,42 Fr与32 Fr的两组患者的减重效果并无统计学差异,但目前缺乏更长期的随访数据[22]。这也促使更多的研究倾向于胃窦部的保留对减重术后预后的影响。

激进胃窦切除(DFP 2~3 cm)显著提升总体重减轻(%TWL)及超重减轻百分比(%EWL),特别是在BMI 40~50 kg/m2患者中。2024年斯堪的纳维亚肥胖手术注册库分析(n = 9360)显示,DFP 1~4 cm组术后2年%EWL达67.1% (95% CI 63%~71%),高于DFP 5 cm参考组的58.8% (差异8.3%,P < 0.001),机制可能涉及增强胃排空及GLP-1分泌[18]。然而,长期随访揭示反弹风险:2025年一项多中心RCT (n = 628)报道,DFP ≤ 3 cm组5年%TWL为22.5%,但18%患者需二次手术(主要为体重反弹),而DFP 4~6 cm组反弹率降至9% (HR 0.67, 95% CI 0.45~0.99) [19]。该研究还发现,术前BMI > 50 kg/m2患者中,保守DFP组5年%EWL维持率更高(62% vs. 48%, P = 0.012),提示激进切除在超级肥胖者中可能加剧营养吸收障碍导致的代谢适应性反弹。

DFP对2型糖尿病(T2DM)缓解的影响呈非线性。2025年一项针对BMI 30~40 kg/m2糖尿病患者的RCT (n = 120)显示,DFP 2 cm组(胃窦切除)12个月HbA1c缓解率达90.6%,高于DFP 6 cm组(胃窦保留)的60.7% (OR 5.2, 95% CI 1.8~15.1),伴随胃排空延迟 > 30% (P < 0.001),这可能通过抑制胰岛素抵抗及增强肠道激素轴实现[23]。类似地,2024年一项meta分析(10项RCT,n = 1245)证实,激进切除组高血压及血脂异常缓解率分别提升至83%及75%,但DFP > 5 cm组在5年随访中T2DM复发风险较低(12% vs. 22%, P = 0.008),归因于保留胃窦酸分泌保护铁及B12吸收,避免继发贫血加重代谢负担[24]。值得注意的是,阻塞性睡眠呼吸暂停(OSAS)缓解率在两组相似(约85%),但激进组需更多CPAP调整(15% vs. 7%)。

综上,DFP 3~5 cm结合适中胃底切除为多数患者优化预后的理想方案:平衡减重(%EWL > 60% at 5 y)、共病缓解(T2DM > 80%),最小化反弹(<15%)及死亡风险(HR < 0.5) [21]。激进策略适合年轻、低BMI、无反流史患者;保守策略优先糖尿病或高龄者。未来AI辅助影像学预测DFP优化将进一步提升个体化预后。

6. 手术切除范围的选择

在全球范围内,尚无明确的标准来指导袖状胃切除术的切除范围,各中心主要根据自身经验、患者反馈对切除范围进行动态调整。由于袖状胃切除术的切除范围主要决定于切除起始点距离幽门的距离(DFP)和胃支撑管的尺寸,基于已有研究,更小的胃支撑管以及更小的DFP可获得更好的减重效果以及代谢改善,且在早期(术后1年)的并发症表现并无显著差异[25]

术中如何选择胃支撑管,基于不同地区、术前评估有着个体化差异。对于术前评估贲门抗反流能力尚可,无反酸、烧心等症状的患者,若合并重度肥胖(BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2),或者BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2且合并二型糖尿病的患者可推荐使用更小尺寸的胃支撑管,如32 Fr或更低,以获得更好的减重效果。而由于严重的胃食管反流、食管裂孔疝作为手术的禁忌症之一[26],具有这类症状的患者往往不被推荐行腹腔镜袖状胃切除术,故可将肥胖程度及代谢合并症作为主要考虑因素。在DFP的选择方面,与胃支撑管的选择相似,应根据患者BMI以及代谢合并症来选择(见表1)。

综合以上选择方式,各中心也可根据自身经验选择小号胃管加更短DFP或小号胃管加更长DFP,以此类推根据术后预期为患者选择个性化的手术切除范围。

Table 1. Recommended resection range

1. 切除范围推荐

Bougie (Fr)

DFP (cm)

BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2或BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2合并二型糖尿病

<32 Fr

≤4 cm

BMI < 35 kg/m2

≥32 Fr

5~8 cm

7. 在亚洲人群中的研究

目前的研究主要集中于欧美地区,在亚洲人群中的多中心、大样本量的研究较少。但现有证据总体适用:亚洲系列研究显示使用36 Fr bougie和类似距离选择的安全性和有效性相似,减重效果良好(%EWL 60~70%)。亚洲研究较少直接比较技术变异,但长期随访显示与西方类似并发症率。需注意亚洲患者可能对较小bougie更敏感(更高GERD风险),但无专用指南差异[27] [28]

参考目前已有的研究,较小bougie (32~36 Fr):与更大减重效果相关(%EWL或%TWL增加约6%~10%),但可能增加狭窄(OR 2.14)和GERD风险(OR 1.76)。早期研究显示不显著增加漏风险[29]。较大bougie (≥40 Fr):减重稍弱,但安全性更高(漏风险降低)。平衡选择:多数meta分析推荐36~40 Fr作为安全与效果的折中。个性化选择需考虑患者基线BMI (高BMI患者从小bougie获益更多)和外科经验。较小DFP (2~4 cm):更大减重效果,但早期可能增加恶心、呕吐或并发症风险。较大DFP (5~8 cm)可保留胃窦功能,减少呕吐和GERD,但减重稍弱[30]。平衡选择:4~6 cm常被推荐作为常用起始点(可参考右胃网膜动脉第二分支,约4.5 cm)。

从术者的研究来看,高手术量外科医生(>50例/年)显著降低并发症、再手术和再入院风险(OR 0.7~0.8)。学习曲线后(约50~100例),高经验团队可安全使用较小bougie/近距离而不增加漏[31]。同时,严格饮食指导、营养随访和GERD监测调节预后。术后扩张常见,但管理良好可维持减重。混杂调节:经验丰富团队结合标准化术后管理,可缓解技术变异带来的负面影响(如GERD)。

8. 结论

尽管袖状胃切除术(Sleeve Gastrectomy, SG)已成为最常用的减重手术之一,但关于最佳胃切除范围的研究仍存在诸多局限性。研究设计的异质性是首要问题。现有研究中胃管直径的测量方法缺乏统一标准,有的研究采用术中bougie探条直径作为参考,有的则通过术后影像学测量胃管容积,这种方法学差异使得不同研究结果难以直接比较。此外,大多数研究为回顾性设计,随访时间中位数通常在1~3年,缺乏长期(5年以上)预后数据,难以全面评估切除范围对远期并发症的影响[32]-[34]

样本量和人群代表性问题也不容忽视。许多单中心研究样本量有限(<200例),统计效能不足以检测组间差异。更重要的是,现有研究主要集中在欧美人群,亚洲人群尤其是中国肥胖患者的数据相对匮乏,而不同种族在胃解剖结构、肥胖类型和代谢特征方面存在显著差异[35]-[37]。同时,混杂因素控制不足进一步限制了结果的可靠性。手术技术的标准化程度、术者经验、术后随访方案等因素在不同研究中差异较大。例如,部分研究未充分考虑距幽门的切除起始距离这一关键参数,而该参数可能显著影响术后胃排空和反流发生率[38]

未来研究应聚焦于大样本、多中心、长期随访的前瞻性随机对照试验,建立标准化的手术技术规范和结局评估体系,探索基于患者特征的精准化切除策略,深入阐明切除范围与长期并发症的因果关系,并开展针对不同人群(如亚洲人群、青少年、老年患者)的专项研究。随着新技术(如人工智能、三维重建、术中实时评估)的应用和多学科合作的深化,我们有望在未来为每位患者找到真正意义上的“最佳”切除范围,进一步提高袖状胃切除术的安全性和有效性,改善患者的长期预后和生活质量。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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