有限责任公司关联交易中控股股东信义义务的举证责任问题研究

A Study on the Burden of Proof Regarding the Fiduciary Duty of Controlling Shareholders in Related-Party Transactions of Limited Liability Companies

摘要: 本文聚焦于有限责任公司控制股东信义义务举证责任的问题。控股股东在关联交易中，利用其“一股独大”的控制权结构，可能滥用权力侵害公司及中小股东利益；中小股东在“谁主张谁举证”规则下，在股东代表诉讼中面临举证困难。基于程序合规性审查可触发举证责任动态分配，研究指出，中小股东提出“合理怀疑”后，举证责任应转移至控制股东，由其对信息披露义务、表决程序合规性进行补充说明。同时提出类型化方案，对不同类型关联交易设置差异化举证规则，确保救济措施真正惠及中小股东，强化其权利救济。

Abstract: This article focuses on the issue of the burden of proof for the fiduciary duties of controlling shareholders in limited liability companies. In related-party transactions, controlling shareholders may abuse their power to infringe upon the interests of the company and minority shareholders due to their dominant control structure. Under the “he who asserts must prove” rule, minority shareholders face difficulties in providing evidence in shareholder representative litigation. Based on the idea that compliance review of procedures can trigger dynamic allocation of the burden of proof, the study suggests that after minority shareholders raise a “reasonable doubt”, the burden of proof should shift to the controlling shareholders, who should provide supplementary explanations regarding their information disclosure obligations and the compliance of the voting procedures. At the same time, a typological approach is proposed, setting differentiated evidentiary rules for different types of related-party transactions to ensure that relief measures truly benefit minority shareholders and strengthen their rights protection.