美国职业技能证书探析：微证书的概念辨析、实践逻辑及经验启示

Analysis of American Vocational Skills Certificates: Conceptual Analysis, Practical Logic and Experience Enlightenment of Micro-Credentials

摘要: 数字技术更新迭代牵动着劳动力市场的“技能升降”和“岗位起浮”，“技工荒”与“就业难”两大民生问题成为全球职业教育关注的重点。为解决数字化转型下技术鸿沟和学位证书本位下技能缺失的难题，美国高职院校遵循“对外学习”和“对内实践”两条逻辑创造性地形成了理论定义与经验定义，共同指导美国高职院校积极开展实践活动以优化学习者的职业技能。美国微证书在各州，各企业、各政府部门的试点中形成了多元主体、互惠共生的实践样态，启示我国职业教育从职业技能证书与技能人才培养两个基点策源改革。加强学分银行建设，减轻证书成本负担，以思我国技能证书的提升之道；共订人才培养方案，课证岗一体化设计，融入增值性评价，以期我国技能人才培养的提质增效。

Abstract: The evolving nature of digital technology is impacting both the “skills upgrade” and “job fluctuation” in the labor market. The “skilled worker shortage” and “difficulty finding employment”—two major livelihood issues—have become key concerns in global vocational education. To address the technological gap created by digital transformation and the skills shortage inherent in a degree-based education system, U.S. vocational colleges have creatively developed theoretical and empirical definitions based on the principles of “external learning” and “internal practice.” These definitions, combined with practical activities, guide these colleges in actively implementing these practices to optimize learners’ professional skills. Micro-Credentials in various states, businesses, and government departments in the United States have fostered a multi-faceted, mutually beneficial, and symbiotic model of practice. This provides inspiration for reforming my country’s vocational education, focusing on two key areas: vocational skills certification and skilled personnel training. Strengthening credit banks and reducing the cost burden of certification are key considerations for improving my country’s skill certification system. Jointly developing talent development plans, integrating courses, certifications, and positions, and incorporating value-added assessments are crucial to improving the quality and efficiency of skilled personnel training in my country.