网络暴力侵权中平台过错的解释论重构

Reconstruction of the Legal Dogmatic of Platform Fault in Online Violence Infringement

摘要: 在网络暴力侵权中，平台过错的认定面临解释论困境。传统的“通知–删除规则”因被动受理模式难以应对群体性、大规模的网络暴力，导致受害人救济不足。有观点主张引入《民法典》第1198条的安全保障义务以实现网络暴力的事前预防，但该路径存在空间属性解释障碍及补充责任救济效果有限等瑕疵。2024年国家网信办发布的《网络暴力信息治理规定》为构建平台的普遍审查义务提供了技术规范基础。本文主张，应以普遍审查义务对《民法典》第1197条“知道规则”中的注意义务标准进行解释论重构，通过分阶段设定审查范围与标准，实现事前预防与综合治理目标，并借助公益诉讼等公私法协同机制，有效落实平台在网络暴力治理中的责任。

Abstract: In cases of online violence infringement, the determination of platform fault faces interpretative dilemmas. The traditional “notice-and-takedown rule” struggles to address group-based and large-scale online violence due to its passive processing model, leading to insufficient relief for victims. Some viewpoints advocate for introducing the safety and security obligations under Article 1198 of China’s Civil Code to achieve preemptive prevention of online violence. However, this approach has flaws, including interpretive challenges regarding spatial attributes and the limited remedial effectiveness of supplementary liability. The “Provisions on the Governance of Online Violence Information”, issued in 2024 by the Cyberspace Administration of China, provides a technical regulatory basis for establishing a universal review obligation for platforms. This paper argues for an interpretative reconstruction of the duty of care standard within the “knowledge rule” of Article 1197 of the Civil Code, using a “universal review obligation” framework. This reconstruction would involve setting phased review scopes and standards to achieve the goals of preemptive prevention and comprehensive governance. Furthermore, leveraging public-private law coordination mechanisms, such as public interest litigation, could effectively implement platform responsibility in the governance of online violence.