算法“黑箱”的法律规制：电子商务中的消费者权益保护研究

Legal Regulation of Algorithm “Black Box”: A Study on the Protection of Consumers’ Rights and Interests in E-Commerce

摘要: 在电子商务领域，算法的深度应用在提升效率的同时，也因其决策过程不透明而形成了“算法黑箱”。这对消费者权益构成了系统性威胁，并催生了价格歧视、信息茧房及搜索操纵等新型风险。本文通过剖析算法“黑箱”的风险呈现，指出我国现行法律框架在应对时，面临着规制工具滞后、信息不对称下的举证困境等难题。为此，本文尝试构建一个以“过程透明”与“结果公平”为双重支柱的法律规制新路径。该路径主张，通过从事前备案评估、事中分层解释到事后独立审计的全链条机制强化算法透明度；同时，以明确反歧视原则、保障消费者人工干预权和探索举证责任转移等方式，确立算法的实质公平性。最终旨在为实现技术创新与消费者权益保护的动态平衡提供可行的法律对策。

Abstract: In the realm of e-commerce, while the profound application of algorithms enhances efficiency, it has also created an “algorithmic black box” due to its opaque decision-making processes. This poses a systemic threat to consumer rights and gives rise to new risks such as price discrimination, “information cocoons,” and search manipulation. By analyzing the risks presented by the “algorithmic black box,” this paper points out that China’s current legal framework faces challenges in response, including lagging regulatory tools and difficulties in evidence presentation under extreme information asymmetry. To address this, the paper proposes a new legal regulatory path built on the twin pillars of “procedural transparency” and “result fairness.” This path advocates for strengthening algorithmic transparency through a full-chain mechanism encompassing pre-assessment and filing, tiered in-process explanations, and post-hoc independent audits. Concurrently, it aims to establish substantive fairness by clarifying anti-discrimination principles, guaranteeing consumers’ right to human intervention, and exploring a shift in the burden of proof. The ultimate goal is to provide a viable legal strategy for achieving a dynamic balance between technological innovation and the protection of consumer rights.