免疫性血小板减少症合并急性冠脉综合征患者的研究进展
Research Progress on Patients with Immune Thrombocytopenia Complicated with Acute Coronary Syndrome
摘要: 免疫性血小板减少症(ITP)是一种以血小板破坏增加和生成受损为特征的自身免疫性出血性疾病,临床主要表现为不同程度的出血。当ITP患者并发急性冠脉综合征(ACS)时,临床上面临“血栓高风险”与“出血高风险”并存的治疗矛盾。目前,该类患者的临床管理仍具挑战,核心在于平衡抗血小板治疗带来的缺血获益与出血风险,然而相关高质量循证医学证据仍较为缺乏。本文围绕ITP患者血栓形成的危险因素、ITP合并ACS时的治疗策略及预后评估进行综述,以期为该类患者的个体化临床管理与预后改善提供参考。
Abstract: Immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) is an autoimmune hemorrhagic disease characterized by increased platelet destruction and impaired platelet production, with clinical manifestations mainly presenting as bleeding of varying degrees. When ITP patients are complicated with acute coronary syndrome (ACS), the clinical treatment is confronted with the contradiction of coexisting “high thrombotic risk” and “high bleeding risk”. Currently, the clinical management of such patients remains challenging, with the core issue being the balance between the ischemic benefit and bleeding risk brought by antiplatelet therapy. However, high-quality evidence-based medical evidence in this regard is still relatively scarce. This article reviews the risk factors for thrombosis in ITP patients, treatment strategies for ITP complicated with ACS, and prognosis assessment, with the aim of providing references for individualized clinical management and prognosis improvement of such patients.
文章引用:吴佳虹, 杨文, 尹绍羽, 卢颢冉, 周泽平. 免疫性血小板减少症合并急性冠脉综合征患者的研究进展[J]. 临床医学进展, 2026, 16(1): 2325-2332. https://doi.org/10.12677/acm.2026.161291

1. 引言

原发性免疫性血小板减少症(primary immune thrombocytopenia, ITP)是一种获得性自身免疫性出血性疾病,以无明确诱因的孤立性外周血小板计数减少为主要特点,其核心发病机制在于血小板自身抗原免疫耐受丢失,导致体液与细胞免疫异常激活,进而加速血小板破坏并损害巨核细胞的血小板生成能力[1]。临床上,患者常表现为血小板计数降低及皮肤黏膜出血倾向。值得注意的是,尽管存在出血风险,近年多项研究提示ITP患者在特定情况下反而更易发生动脉血栓与静脉血栓事件[2]。鉴于血小板在血栓形成中的关键作用,ITP患者合并急性冠脉综合征(acute coronary syndrome, ACS)的临床情况亦值得深入关注。

冠状动脉血栓形成的关键触发因素是血小板活化和聚集。因此,抗血小板药物是治疗ACS的基础,其中以阿司匹林联合P2Y12抑制剂构成的双重抗血小板治疗(dual antiplatelet therapy, DAPT)尤为重要,已成为ACS和(或)经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(percutaneous coronary intervention, PCI)后抗血栓治疗的基础。然而,当ITP患者发生ACS时,临床上面临血小板减少与血栓风险并存的复杂局面。血小板减少可能增加死亡、严重出血以及危及生命的血栓事件风险,使得抗血小板治疗策略的选择尤为困难。临床医师必须在出血风险与缺血风险之间审慎权衡,以实现个体化治疗[3]。目前,关于ITP合并ACS患者的抗血小板治疗策略,专家共识与高质量循证证据均较为有限,主要原因在于此类患者常被排除在大型随机对照试验之外。因此,本综述旨在系统阐述ITP患者合并ACS的研究进展,以期为临床决策提供参考。

2. ITP患者血栓形成的风险因素

尽管ITP患者存在血小板数量减少,但其动脉与静脉血栓事件的发生风险反而增高。流行病学数据显示,ITP患者动脉事件的年发生率约为9.6~27.8例/1000人,略高于普通人群;而静脉栓塞事件发生的风险则约为普通人群的两倍[4]。一项美国研究比较了3131例ITP患者与9392例非ITP患者,在中位15个月的随访期间,ITP患者新发动脉事件的相对风险为1.58 (95%CI 1.29~1.94),其中不稳定型心绞痛风险增加83%,短暂性脑缺血发作风险增加约两倍,缺血性卒中风险增加69% [5]。ITP患者血栓形成的风险因素主要与以下三方面因素相关:患者既往史及合并症、ITP疾病本身的影响以及ITP相关治疗的作用。

2.1. ITP患者血栓形成的风险因素——患者既往史及合并症

ITP患者发生血栓的风险与其既有的传统心血管危险因素密切相关。年龄增长以及糖尿病、高血压、高胆固醇血症、心房颤动、心脏瓣膜病、吸烟、肥胖和长期制动等因素,均是普通人群血栓事件的明确风险因素,同样也显著增加ITP患者的血栓倾向[2]。一项意大利的回顾性研究进一步表明,若ITP患者同时具备两个以上心血管危险因素且年龄超过60岁,其动脉血栓和静脉血栓的风险将分别增至14倍(HR 13.7, 95%CI 4.5~41.1)和6倍(HR 5.8, 95%CI 1.6~21.1) [6]。因此,对于所有ITP患者,积极识别并管理这些可调控的风险因素,对降低未来血栓事件的发生具有重要意义。

2.2. ITP患者血栓形成的风险因素——ITP疾病本身的影响

研究发现,即使在未接受治疗的ITP患者中,血栓风险依然增加,提示ITP本身存在促进血栓形成的内在机制。ITP患者整体呈现促凝状态,其血小板生成峰值更高[7]。首先,ITP患者的血小板通常体积更大、更年轻,且与血管内皮的粘附性增强[8]。研究证实,大血小板具有更强的血栓形成潜力[9]。平均血小板体积增大与心肌梗死复发及死亡风险升高相关[10]。其次,血小板微粒也被视为重要的促血栓因素[11]。这些由血小板等细胞释放的膜性囊泡具有显著促炎和促凝活性,可影响血管功能,其水平升高与血栓栓塞事件风险密切相关[12] [13]。再者,针对血小板表面抗原(如GPIIb/IIIa)的自身抗体可能通过抗原模拟机制,同时攻击血小板与内皮细胞,导致两者损伤,进一步促进血栓形成[14] [15]。此外,ITP患者体内巨核细胞活性增强,可能在炎症环境下释放含超大多聚体血管性血友病因子(VWF),导致Ⅷ因子和VWF水平升高,加剧高凝状态[7]

2.3. ITP患者血栓形成的风险因素——ITP相关治疗

ITP的某些治疗药物本身也可能增加血栓形成的风险,主要包括静脉注射免疫球蛋白(intravenous immunoglobulin, IVIg)、糖皮质激素和血小板生成素受体激动剂(thrombopoietin receptor agonists, TPO-RAs)。

2.3.1. IVIg

作为ITP的一线治疗,虽总体耐受良好,但已有多项报道提示其可能诱发血栓栓塞事件,其中动脉血栓(如心肌梗死、脑卒中)较静脉血栓更为常见[16]。IVIg治疗后血栓事件发生率约为1%~12%,且在给药后24小时内,心肌梗死或卒中的发生风险增加约3倍[17]。其机制可能与血液黏度增高、血小板计数上升、凝血因子激活以及血管活性物质释放有关[18]。高龄、既往动脉粥样硬化病史、存在心血管危险因素以及接受大剂量IVIg的患者风险更高[19]

2.3.2. 糖皮质激素

广泛用于ITP的治疗,尤其适用于血小板计数显著降低或伴有出血风险的患者[20] [21]。研究表明,无论内源性或外源性糖皮质激素,均可通过多种途径促进血栓形成,包括提升纤维蛋白原、Ⅷ因子和vWF等促凝因子水平、增强血小板反应性、提高血细胞比容与白细胞计数,从而增加血液黏度与血栓倾向[22] [23]。因此,即使对血小板减少的ITP患者,也需警惕其潜在的致栓风险。

2.3.3. TPO-RAs

如艾曲泊帕、罗米司亭等,常用于一线治疗无效的ITP患者。尽管这类药物与内源性血小板生成素无交叉反应,但其血栓不良事件受到关注。长期研究显示,TPO-RAs相关血栓事件发生率可达8% [24]。一项涵盖多项研究的荟萃分析提示,接受TPO-RAs治疗的患者总体血栓风险有升高趋势,其中用药超过6个月、既往有血栓史或年龄 > 50岁者风险更高[22]。值得注意的是,在不同TPO-RAs中,海曲泊帕在现有研究中未显示显著增加血栓风险,其在血栓高风险ITP患者中的治疗地位值得进一步研究。

3. 血小板减少对ACS的预后的影响

在ACS患者中,血小板减少的发生率因具体定义和研究人群的不同而有所差异。观察性研究显示,约有5%的ACS患者存在基线血小板减少(通常定义为血小板计数 < 150 × 109/L),而住院期间新发血小板减少的比例可达13% [23]。根据高出血风险学术研究联盟(ARC-HBR)的定义,血小板计数 < 100 × 109/L被视为高出血风险的主要标准之一[25]。对于ITP患者,血小板计数 < 30 × 109/L则提示临床显著出血风险增加,常被定义为重度血小板减少[26]

血小板减少对ACS患者的预后具有明确的负面影响。Wang等人的研究发现,院内死亡和出血风险与血小板减少的程度呈正相关。即便是轻度血小板减少(血小板计数100~149 × 109/L),也与死亡风险(调整后OR 2.01,95%CI 1.69~2.38)和出血风险(调整后OR 3.76,95%CI 3.43~4.12)显著升高相关。血小板计数每降低10%,死亡和出血风险的调整后比值比分别增加1.39 (95%CI 1.33~1.46)和1.89 (95%CI 1.83~1.95) [27]。另一项回顾性队列研究显示,伴有血小板减少的ACS患者5年死亡率显著高于血小板计数正常者(45.8% vs 24.2%, p < 0.00001) [28]。值得注意的是,约四分之一血小板计数 < 100 × 109/L的患者最终死亡[27],提示该类人群预后不良。因此,在治疗ITP合并ACS的患者时,必须在缺血与出血风险之间寻求平衡。目前临床实践中可借助TIMI、GRACE等缺血风险评分以及CRUSADE出血风险评分进行综合评估,以指导个体化治疗决策[29]

4. ITP患者发生ACS的临床管理

4.1. PLT < 30 × 109/L

对于PLT < 30 × 109/L或活动性出血的ACS患者,通常建议停用所有抗血小板药物,并避免行PCI [30]。此时的治疗重点在于尽快提升血小板计数至相对安全水平,使PLT ≥ (30~50) × 109/L,为后续的血运重建或抗血小板治疗创造条件。对于必须行PCI的患者,可给予大剂量IVIg (1 g∙kg1∙d1)或大剂量糖皮质激素(30 mg/kg或1 g/d,持续3日)冲击治疗,联合重组人血小板生成素(300 U∙kg1∙d1),必要时输注血小板[1] [31]。PLT计数升至≥50 × 109/L可考虑行PCI,并在维持血小板水平的情况下尽量采用单药抗血小板治疗[1]

4.2. 30 × 109/L ≤ PLT < 50 × 109/L

该范围内的患者建议采用单药抗血小板治疗,优先选择氯吡格雷,而不推荐阿司匹林、普拉格雷或替格瑞洛[32]。2023年ESC指南也指出,对于符合ARC-HBR高出血风险标准的患者(包括血小板减少),应选用氯吡格雷而非强效P2Y12抑制剂[32] [33]。与阿司匹林相比,氯吡格雷单药可显著降低消化道出血风险,并减少因缺血或出血再住院的需要[34]。此外,可考虑联合质子泵抑制剂进一步降低出血风险[23]

4.3. PLT ≥ 50 × 109/L

血小板计数 ≥ 50 × 10⁹/L时,可谨慎评估后给予DAPT。低出血风险患者可选择阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷;高出血风险患者仍建议单药治疗,并避免使用替格瑞洛[30] [32]。若行PCI,优先选用第二代药物洗脱支架,术后可给予DAPT (阿司匹林 + 氯吡格雷) 1个月,后转为氯吡格雷单药长期维持,并建议联用质子泵抑制剂[23] [35] [36]。原则上,所有ITP患者应尽可能将血小板计数维持在50 × 109/L以上,在此基础上可考虑短期DAPT后转为长期单药抗血小板治疗。对于血小板计数持续稳定在100 × 109/L以上的患者,则可参照一般ACS指南进行抗血小板治疗[37]。目前已有临床个案显示,即使血小板计数在42 − 58 × 109/L之间波动,经短期DAPT后转为单药治疗,患者近一年内未发生出血事件,也未使用ITP特异性药物[38]。提示在血小板相对稳定时缩短DAPT疗程(如1个月)可能是可行的安全策略。根据以上所述,我们创建了一个关于ITP合并ACS患者的临床决策流程图,见图1

ITP:免疫性血小板减少症;ACS:急性冠脉综合征;成人原发免疫性血小板减少症出血评分系统:参考《成人原发免疫性血小板减少症诊断与治疗中国指南(2020年版)》;PLT:血小板计数;IVIg:静脉注射丙种球蛋白;PPI:质子泵抑制剂;DAPT:阿司匹林联合氯吡格雷;PCI:经皮冠状动脉介入治疗。

Figure 1. Clinical decision-making flowchart for patients with ITP combined with ACS

1. ITP合并ACS患者的临床决策流程图

5. 小结

ITP合并ACS的临床管理关键在于平衡血栓与出血风险。根据血小板计数进行分层决策是当前的主要策略:血小板 < 30 × 109/L时应以提升血小板计数为优先,暂缓抗血小板治疗与PCI;血小板在30 – 50 × 109/L之间可考虑氯吡格雷单药治疗;血小板 ≥ 50 × 109/L时,可谨慎评估后给予短期DAPT,并倾向于缩短疗程。全程应结合缺血与出血评分进行动态风险评估,并积极控制ITP病情以保障抗血小板治疗的安全性。目前该领域仍缺乏高质量循证证据,未来需开展前瞻性研究以优化抗血小板方案,并评估新型ITP治疗在此类患者中的适用性。

6. 局限性与展望

尽管本综述系统梳理了关于ITP合并ACS的现有证据,整合出一个相对清晰的临床决策框架,但仍需要意识到该领域的知识体系存在多层面的局限,影响了当前治疗推荐的科学性和普遍性。本综述所依据的研究大部分为回顾性观察性研究,缺乏随机对照设计,无法控制混杂因素,证据等级低。同时,ITP合并ACS的治疗本质上是止血与抗栓两大目标的冲突,目前仍未有研究提供解决这一矛盾的最佳平衡点,缺乏定量化的风险-获益数据支持。对于该类患者长期管理的建议,如抗板药物降价时机、二级预防策略的有效性和安全性等仍充满不确定性。为打破当前证据匮乏的困境,亟需开展系统性的前瞻性研究。例如建立多中心前瞻性登记研究、开展针对ITP合并ACS患者不同抗血小板治疗策略的比较研究、开发和验证ITP合并ACS患者的专用风险预测模型、研究新兴药物在ITP中的使用以降低血栓形成风险等,跨越血液病学与心血管病学的学科壁垒,通过协作生成高质量的证据,从而形成基于循证、凝聚多学科共识的临床管理路径,以改善这一高危患者群体的预后。

NOTES

*通讯作者。

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