后安煤矿采煤沉陷区“工程–生物–化学”协同复垦技术体系研究与工程实践

Research and Engineering Practice of the “Engineering-Biology-Chemistry” Collaborative Reclamation Technology System for the Coal Mining Subsidence Area of Hou’an Coal Mine

摘要: 后安煤矿作为典型干旱半干旱矿区，长期开采引发大面积地裂缝与塌陷，严重威胁生态安全与土地资源。本文系统总结了该矿复垦工程的实施经验，累计治理面积达631.56 hm²，总投资约1.58亿元，构建并实践了“工程–生物–化学”协同复垦技术体系。工程技术包括裂缝充填、塌陷坑治理、土地平整与梯田化改造；生物技术筛选出油松、柠条、紫花苜蓿、披碱草、油菜等适生植物，构建草灌乔结合的复垦植被群落，累计栽植油松34,542株、柠条529,506株；化学与微生物技术通过施用有机肥、硫酸亚铁调碱及微生物菌剂，显著改良土壤结构。治理后，植被覆盖率由15%提升至63%以上，土壤有机质含量提高200%，水土流失得到有效控制，复垦区油菜花田更成为地方“网红景点”，实现生态、经济与社会效益协同提升。研究提炼出可复制、可推广的“后安模式”，为我国干旱半干旱矿区生态修复提供了系统技术路径与工程示范。

Abstract: As a typical arid and semi-arid coal mine, Hou’an Coal Mine has suffered from large-scale ground fissures and collapses due to long-term mining activities, which pose a severe threat to ecological security and land resources. This paper systematically summarizes the implementation experience of the reclamation project in the mine, with a cumulative treatment area of 631.56 hectares and a total investment of approximately 158 million yuan, and establishes and practices the “Engineering-Biology-Chemistry” collaborative reclamation technology system. The engineering technologies include fissure filling, collapse pit remediation, land leveling and terrace reconstruction. Biotechnological methods were adopted to screen suitable plant species, including Pinus tabuliformis, Caragana korshinskii, Medicago sativa, Elymus dahuricus, and Brassica napus. A reclaimed vegetation community combining grasses, shrubs and arbors was constructed according to the habitat characteristics of the coal mining subsidence area; by the end of the project implementation period, a total of 34,542 Pinus tabuliformis plants and 529,506 Caragana korshinskii plants had been planted. Chemical and microbial technologies significantly improved soil structure through the application of organic fertilizers, ferrous sulfate for alkalinity adjustment and microbial inoculants. After remediation, the vegetation coverage rate increased from 15% to more than 63%, the soil organic matter content rose by 200%, and soil erosion was effectively controlled. Moreover, the rapeseed flower fields in the reclamation area have become a local “internet-famous scenic spot”, realizing the coordinated improvement of ecological, economic and social benefits. This study refines the replicable and promotable “Hou’an Model”, which provides a systematic technical approach and engineering demonstration for ecological restoration in arid and semi-arid coal mining areas in China.