光学相干断层扫描(OCT)在高度近视诊断中的应用研究综述

Application of Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) in the Diagnosis of High Myopia: A Research Review

摘要: 光学相干断层扫描(OCT)作为一种高分辨率、无创的光学成像技术，近年来在高度近视的诊断中展现出重要价值。本文系统综述了OCT的技术原理、发展历程及其在高度近视病理特征识别、并发症诊断和临床管理中的应用。研究表明，OCT凭借其微米级轴向分辨率和三维成像能力，能够精准检测高度近视患者视网膜神经纤维层变薄、黄斑区光感受器损伤、脉络膜萎缩及后巩膜葡萄肿等关键病变。与传统影像技术(如荧光素眼底血管造影、超声检查)相比，OCT具有无辐射、快速成像和深层组织穿透等优势，并可通过光学相干断层扫描血管成像(OCTA)技术实现视网膜血管的动态监测。然而，OCT在扫描深度、屈光介质混浊处理及标准化诊断标准等方面仍存在局限性。未来，结合人工智能算法与多模态影像融合技术有望进一步提升OCT在高度近视诊疗中的精准性和实用性。

Abstract: Optical coherence tomography (OCT) has emerged as a high-resolution, non-invasive optical imaging technique with significant value in the diagnosis of high myopia. This review systematically summarizes the technical principles, development, and applications of OCT in identifying pathological features, complications, and clinical management of high myopia. Studies demonstrate that OCT’s micron-level axial resolution and three-dimensional imaging capabilities enable precise detection of key lesions such as retinal nerve fiber layer thinning, photoreceptor damage in the macula, choroidal atrophy, and posterior staphyloma in high myopia patients. Compared to traditional imaging modalities like fluorescein angiography and ultrasonography, OCT offers advantages including zero radiation, rapid imaging, and deep tissue penetration. Additionally, OCT angiography (OCTA) facilitates dynamic monitoring of retinal vasculature. However, limitations such as restricted scanning depth, challenges in addressing media opacities, and the lack of standardized diagnostic criteria persist. Future advancements integrating artificial intelligence algorithms and multimodal imaging fusion are expected to enhance the precision and practicality of OCT in high myopia diagnosis and treatment.