论《德意志意识形态》中意识形态的基本内涵

On the Basic Connotation of Ideology in “The German Ideology”

摘要: 马克思对意识形态的论述呈现较为复杂，其具体所指的含义会根据批判对象的不同和理论阐述的深入而不断调整与丰富。《德意志意识形态》作为系统分析并阐述马克思主义意识形态理论的核心著作，为我们理解意识形态概念提供了关键性的理论坐标。然而，当前对该著作的理解还存在一些难点，例如历史决定论与意识能动性之矛盾、意识形态的批判性与建构性之统一等。为此，有必要回到《德意志意识形态》的文本语境，重新审视意识形态内涵阐释的限度和视域。在唯物史观的分析框架下，马克思与恩格斯对这一概念的阐述具有不同语境，表现为否定性、阶级性和科学性三重意蕴，即作为哲学批判否定虚假的意识形态、作为阶级意志的意识形态、作为观念的科学的意识形态。

Abstract: Marx’s discourse on ideology is relatively complex, and its specific meaning will be constantly adjusted and enriched according to the different objects of criticism and the depth of theoretical exposition. “The German Ideology”, as a core work that systematically analyzes and elaborates on Marxist ideological theory, provides us with crucial theoretical coordinates for understanding the concept of ideology. However, there are still some difficulties in understanding this work, such as the contradiction between historical determinism and conscious agency, and the unity of critical and constructive ideology. Therefore, it is necessary to return to the textual context of “The German Ideology” and re-examine the limitations and perspectives of interpreting ideological connotations. Under the analytical framework of historical materialism, Marx and Engels’ exposition of this concept has different contexts, manifested in three-fold implications: negation, class, and scientificity, namely, as a philosophical critique of false ideology, as an ideology of class will, and as an ideology of science.