马克思主义异化理论视域下异化现象的现代困境及其应对策略

The Modern Predicament of Alienation and Its Coping Strategies in the Perspective of Marxist Theory of Alienation

摘要: 在现代性高歌猛进的今天，技术的飞跃与物质的丰裕并未如期带来人的普遍解放与幸福，反而使“异化”这一经典哲学与社会学命题呈现出更为复杂与深刻的当代形态。本文旨在系统探讨异化现象的现代困境，并构建相应的应对策略体系。在资本逻辑与技术理性主导的现代社会，本文所谈论的异化已经由劳动者与自身劳动、劳动产品、类本质以及他人相疏离的状态呈现出劳动异化、物欲异化、精神异化等多重困境。这三种异化形态相互交织、彼此强化，共同构成了现代人深陷其中的系统性困境。其根源深植于资本逻辑的全球扩张、体现为“数字平台算法管理强调效率与控制逻辑”的工具理性的过度泛滥以及传统价值体系的瓦解。为超越此困境，本文通过制度重构、文化重塑与个体觉醒的三维联动，构建超越异化的系统性解决方案。本文不仅为理解当代人的生存困境提供了一个整合性的分析框架，也为探寻一条超越异化、实现人之自由与解放的现代路径提供了有益的理论思考。

Abstract: Amidst the triumphant advance of modernity, the leaps in technology and material abundance have not, as anticipated, brought about widespread human liberation and happiness. Instead, they have caused the classic philosophical and sociological proposition of “alienation” to assume more complex and profound contemporary manifestations. This paper aims to systematically investigate the modern predicament of alienation and construct a corresponding system of coping strategies. In modern society dominated by the logic of capital and technological rationality, the phenomenon of alienation addressed in this paper—fundamentally characterized by the worker’s estrangement from their labor, the products of that labor, their species-being, and from others—manifests concretely in multiple dimensions. These include alienation within labor itself, through material desires, and in the spiritual sphere. These three forms of alienation are intertwined and mutually reinforcing, collectively constituting a systemic predicament in which modern individuals are deeply entangled. These roots are deeply embedded in the global expansion of the logic of capital, the excessive proliferation of instrumental rationality—as evidenced by the efficiency and control-driven logic of digital platform algorithm management—and the disintegration of traditional value systems. To transcend this predicament, this paper constructs a systematic solution for overcoming alienation through a three-dimensional interaction involving institutional restructuring, cultural, and individual awakening. This study not only provides an integrated analytical framework for understanding the existential plight of contemporary individuals but also offers valuable theoretical reflections on exploring a modern path to transcend alienation and realize human freedom and emancipation.