马克思人的本质思想及其演进历程

Marx’s Concept of Human Essence and Its Evolutionary Development

摘要: 人的本质问题是马克思主义哲学中的核心问题，也是哲学的最高问题。自古希腊时期，哲学家便开始关注人、思考人，对于人类自身的探索一直是哲人思考的问题。但是在哲学史上，只有马克思超越了一切旧的人的本质观，科学地解答了人的本质问题。科学的“人的本质”理论的形成有一个过程，马克思思想在逐步发展的过程中，对于人的本质的理论也在不断完善与深入。从《博士论文》时期的“自由意识”到《德法年鉴》时期的“人是人的最高本质”，再到《1844年经济学哲学手稿》时期的“自由自觉的活动”，马克思对人的本质的认识不断深入。直到《关于费尔巴哈的提纲》的出现，马克思立足实践，摒弃了费尔巴哈的“感性的人”，科学地回答了人的本质问题，走向了实践的、历史的唯物主义建构。

Abstract: The question of human essence is the central issue in Marxist philosophy and the highest question in philosophy. Since ancient Greece, philosophers have focused on humanity and contemplated human nature, with the exploration of human beings themselves remaining a perennial concern for thinkers. Yet throughout the history of philosophy, only Marx transcended all previous conceptions of human essence, providing a scientific answer to this fundamental question. The formation of a scientific theory of “human essence” unfolded gradually. As Marx’s thought evolved, his understanding of human essence deepened and matured. From the “free consciousness” of his doctoral thesis, to the assertion that “man is man’s highest essence” in the German-French Yearbook, and finally to the concept of “free, conscious activity” in the “1844 Economic and Philosophical Manuscripts”, Marx’s comprehension of human essence progressively intensified. It was only with the emergence of the Theses on Feuerbach that Marx, grounded in practice, rejected Feuerbach’s “sensuous human being” and scientifically answered the question of human essence, advancing toward the construction of practical, historical materialism.