卢梭自爱理论的伦理维度探析：怜悯、自尊与救赎路径

An Analysis of the Ethical Dimensions of Rousseau’s Theory of Amour De Soi: Compassion, Amour-Propre and Redemption Paths

摘要: 卢梭的“自爱”理论是其伦理哲学的核心枢纽，本文聚焦该理论的伦理维度展开探析。研究指出，怜悯心作为自爱在自然状态下的延伸形态，先于理性存在，经想象力推动实现自爱向爱他的转化，其三条核心原理揭示了人类同情行为的内在逻辑，构成道德生成的原始情感根基；在社会化进程中，受“精神之爱”与自我完善化能力的驱动，自爱异化为以他人评价和相互比较为核心的自尊，成为社会不平等与道德困境的根源，但自尊并非全然负面，具有向善潜能。为纾解自尊的不良影响，卢梭提出双重救赎路径：内在通过教育引导个体明晰真实需求、净化心灵，外在依托社会契约构建政治共同体，打破个体依附关系、保障自主地位。本文通过梳理自爱与怜悯、自尊的复杂关联，揭示了卢梭思想中情感、道德与社会形态的辩证关系，为当代个体道德培育与社会公平构建提供了思想启示。

Abstract: Rousseau’s theory of amour de soi serves as the core pivot of his ethical philosophy, and this paper focuses on an analysis of the ethical dimensions of this theory. The study points out that compassion, as an extended form of amour de soi in the state of nature, precedes the emergence of reason. Driven by imagination, it realizes the transformation from self-love to altruism. Its three core principles reveal the internal logic of human sympathetic behaviors and constitute the primitive emotional foundation for moral generation. In the process of socialization, driven by amour-propre and the capacity for self-perfection, amour de soi becomes alienated into self-esteem centered on others’ evaluations and mutual comparisons, which turns into the root cause of social inequality and moral predicaments. Nevertheless, self-esteem is not entirely negative and possesses the potential for moral goodness. To alleviate the adverse impacts of self-esteem, Rousseau proposes a dual redemption path: internally, guiding individuals to clarify their genuine needs and purify their souls through education; externally, constructing a political community relying on the social contract, breaking the shackles of individual dependency and safeguarding the status of individual autonomy. By sorting out the complex correlations between amour de soi, compassion and self-esteem, this paper reveals the dialectical relationship among emotion, morality and social forms in Rousseau’s thought, and provides ideological enlightenment for the cultivation of individual morality and the construction of social equity in contemporary society.