神经退行性疾病与神经胶质细胞糖代谢

Neurodegenerative Diseases and Glucose Metabolism of Neuroglial Cells

摘要: 神经退行性疾病是神经系统中慢性进行性损害的一类疾病，是神经元或髓鞘功能及结构的破坏引起的功能障碍，包括帕金森，阿尔茨海默病，亨廷顿病，多发性硬化等。神经胶质细胞作为中枢神经系统中的免疫细胞，其数量远超过神经元本身，包括：小胶质细胞、星形胶质细胞、少突胶质细胞，它们在中枢神经系统中各自具有不可替代的作用，主要包括维护神经元免受损害、作为免疫细胞介导免疫应答、以及向神经元供能等。神经退行性疾病的发生以及进展都与各种神经胶质细胞的变化密切关联，然而神经胶质细胞糖代谢的改变在其中的作用尚不清楚，本文将重点介绍糖代谢在不同的神经胶质细胞中生理状态下和病理状态下的变化以及与神经退行性疾病之间的联系，为神经退行性疾病的潜在治疗开发提供新观点。

Abstract: Neurodegenerative diseases are a group of disorders characterized by chronic and progressive damage to the nervous system. They are functional impairments caused by the disruption of the function and structure of neurons or myelin sheaths, including Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, Huntington’s disease, multiple sclerosis, and others. As immune cells in the central nervous system (CNS), neuroglial cells are far more numerous than neurons themselves, including microglia, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Each of them plays an irreplaceable role in the CNS, mainly including protecting neurons from damage, mediating immune responses as immune cells, and supplying energy to neurons. The occurrence and progression of neurodegenerative diseases are closely associated with changes in various neuroglial cells; however, the role of changes in neuroglial glucose metabolism in this process remains unclear. This article will focus on introducing the changes of glucose metabolism in different neuroglial cells under physiological and pathological conditions, as well as the relationship between these changes and neurodegenerative diseases, so as to provide new insights for the development of potential therapies for neurodegenerative diseases.