水性漆手涂微缩模型中预喷底漆后叠加水性消光漆对涂装效果的影响研究

Study on the Influence of Applying Water-Based Matte Varnish over Pre-Sprayed Primer on the Coating Effect in Hand-Painted Water-Based Paint for Miniature Models

摘要: 目的：探讨微缩模型水性漆手涂工艺中，预喷底漆后叠加水性消光漆对涂层挂色性能及颜色过渡效果的影响，为优化微缩模型涂装工艺提供实践参考。方法：选取5类共120件微缩模型(战锤系列模型12件、高达系列模型24件、GK车库套件模型18件、军事模型36件、小型雕像30件)作为研究对象，采用随机数字表法分为观察组(60件)和对照组(60件)。对照组采用“预喷底漆 + 直接水性漆手涂”工艺，观察组采用“预喷底漆 + 水性消光漆喷涂 + 水性漆手涂”工艺。实验数据收集主要在山东科技大学材料分析测试中心(合作单位：山东科技大学材料分析测试中心)完成，主要设备包括0.3 mm口径喷笔、空气压缩机、涂层附着力测试仪、表面粗糙度仪、色差仪及扫描电子显微镜(SEM)。通过专业检测仪器测定涂层附着力、表面粗糙度及颜色过渡均匀度等指标，结合微距摄影记录表面外观差异，采用SPSS26.0软件进行统计分析，计量资料以(x ± s)表示，组间比较采用独立样本t检验，以P < 0.05为差异具有统计学意义。结果：观察组涂层附着力评分(8.92 ± 0.53)分、颜色过渡均匀度评分(9.15 ± 0.41)分显著高于对照组(7.23 ± 0.61)分、(7.58 ± 0.57)分，表面粗糙度(0.86 ± 0.12) μm显著低于对照组(1.32 ± 0.18) μm，差异均有统计学意义(t = 15.876、16.324、14.591，P均 < 0.001)。观察组涂装合格率(96.67%)显著高于对照组(81.67%)。SEM图像显示，对照组底漆表面存在明显颗粒凸起及微小孔隙，观察组经消光漆喷涂后，表面凸起被填充，孔隙减少，形成更平整的微观结构；微距摄影显示，观察组颜色过渡区域无明显笔触痕迹，挂色均匀性优于对照组。结论：微缩模型水性漆手涂前，在预喷底漆基础上叠加水性消光漆可通过流平填充作用优化涂层微观结构，显著提升涂层挂色性能，优化颜色过渡效果，降低涂装缺陷率，该工艺可广泛应用于各类微缩模型的手涂制作中。

Abstract: Objective: To investigate the effects of applying a water-based matte varnish after priming on the color adhesion and color transition performance in the hand-brushing process of water-based paints for scale models, and to provide practical references for optimizing the scale model painting process. Methods: A total of 120 scale models across 5 categories were selected as research objects, including 12 Warhammer miniatures, 24 Gundam models, 18 garage kit (GK) models, 36 military models, and 30 small statues. The models were randomly divided into an observation group (60 models) and a control group (60 models) using a random number table. The control group was processed with the “priming + direct hand-brushing with water-based paint” method, while the observation group adopted the “priming + water-based matte varnish spraying + water-based paint hand-brushing” method. Data collection was mainly conducted at the Material Analysis and Testing Center of Shandong University of Science and Technology (collaborative unit: Material Analysis and Testing Center of Shandong University of Science and Technology). The main equipment included a 0.3 mm airbrush, an air compressor, a coating adhesion tester, a surface roughness meter, a colorimeter, and a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Coating adhesion, surface roughness, and color transition uniformity were measured using professional instruments, and surface appearance differences were recorded via macro photography. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS 26.0 software. Measurement data were expressed as (x ± s), and comparisons between groups were conducted using an independent samples t-test, with P < 0.05 considered statistically significant. Results: The observation group showed significantly higher coating adhesion scores (8.92 ± 0.53) and color transition uniformity scores (9.15 ± 0.41) compared with the control group (7.23 ± 0.61 and 7.58 ± 0.57, respectively). The surface roughness of the observation group (0.86 ± 0.12 μm) was significantly lower than that of the control group (1.32 ± 0.18 μm), with all differences being statistically significant (t = 15.876, 16.324, 14.591; all P < 0.001). The qualified rate of painting in the observation group (96.67%) was significantly higher than that in the control group (81.67%). SEM images revealed obvious particle protrusions and micropores on the primer surface of the control group, whereas the observation group exhibited filled protrusions and reduced pores after matte varnish application, resulting in a smoother microstructure. Macro photography showed that the color transition areas of the observation group had no obvious brush marks and exhibited better color adhesion uniformity than the control group. Conclusion: Applying a water-based matte varnish after priming can optimize the microstructure of the coating through leveling and filling effects, significantly improve color adhesion and color transition performance, and reduce the rate of painting defects. This process can be widely applied in the hand-brushing of various scale models.