自动化行政决策的法律困境及其规制

Legal Dilemmas and Regulation of Automated Government Decision-Making

摘要: 在行政运行日益数字化的背景下，算法技术被引入行政决策过程，并在部分领域形成自动化决策机制。该类决策方式在提高事务处理效率的同时，也对既有行政法制度提出了新的挑战。围绕自动化行政决策的法律定位问题，本文认为，其在对特定主体产生权利义务影响时，仍应纳入行政行为的规范框架加以审视。在此基础上，文章结合现有实践，分析了自动化决策运行中较为突出的若干问题，包括决策过程不透明引发的信息公开困境、算法规则与数据结构可能导致的差别化影响、程序参与机制的弱化，以及多主体参与情形下责任归属的不清晰。针对上述问题，本文从信息公开方式、算法评估与数据治理、程序保障以及责任配置等方面，探讨了相应的制度完善路径，以期为自动化决策在行政法框架下的规范运行提供分析思路。

Abstract: In the context of the increasing digitalization of administrative operations, algorithmic technologies have been incorporated into administrative decision-making and have given rise to various forms of automated decision-making mechanisms in practice. While such mechanisms contribute to improved efficiency in the handling of administrative affairs, they also pose new challenges to the existing framework of administrative law. Focusing on the legal characterization of automated administrative decision-making, this article argues that where such decisions produce direct effects on the rights and obligations of specific individuals, they should be examined within the established normative framework governing administrative acts. On this basis, drawing on practical developments, the article analyzes several prominent issues arising in the operation of automated decision-making, including difficulties in ensuring transparency due to the opacity of decision-making processes, the potential for differentiated impacts resulting from algorithmic rules and data structures, the weakening of procedural participation, and the uncertainty surrounding the allocation of responsibility in multi-actor settings. In response, the article explores possible avenues for institutional refinement in areas such as information disclosure, algorithmic assessment and data governance, procedural safeguards, and responsibility allocation, with a view to contributing to a more coherent legal approach to automated decision-making within administrative law.