自我与他者的和解：从哈贝马斯、罗尔斯到马克思

The Reconciliation of Self and Others: From Habermas, Rawls to Marx

摘要: 自我与他者的关系问题事关人与社会的存续与发展。在现代社会中，自我与他者的矛盾主要表现为自我中心主义的“唯我论”倾向。面对自我对他者的同一性强制，人们基于不同的立场和视角对自我与他者的关系展开了反思：从笛卡尔“我思故我在”所标志的“自我学”的创立，到以胡塞尔、海德格尔为代表的主体间性理论的产生与发展，再到哈贝马斯提倡主体之间平等对话的商谈伦理以及罗尔斯强调社会自由平等的公平正义原则。在众多理论中，马克思的共同体理论以历史唯物主义为理论基础，既强调人之个性的自由全面发展，又将集体共同利益提高到了极为重要的地位，完成了人之个性与社会性的统一，真正实现了自我与他者的和解。

Abstract: The issue of the relationship between self and others is related to the survival and development of people and society. In modern society, the contradiction between self and others is mainly manifested in the self-centered tendency of “solipsism”. Faced with the identity coercion of self towards others, people have reflected on the relationship between self and others based on different positions and perspectives: from the establishment of “egoism” marked by Descartes’ “I think, therefore I am”, to the emergence and development of intersubjective theories represented by Husserl and Heidegger, to Habermas’ advocacy of equal dialogue between subjects in discourse ethics, and Rawls’ emphasis on the principles of social freedom and equality in fairness and justice. Among numerous theories, Marx’s theory of community is based on historical materialism, emphasizing the free and comprehensive development of human personality, and elevating collective common interests to an extremely important position, achieving the unity of human personality and sociality, and truly realizing the reconciliation between self and others.