卢卡奇物化理论与马克思异化思想之比较

A Comparison between Lukacs’ Theory of Reification and Marx’s Thought of Alienation

摘要: 在清晰定位卢卡奇物化批判理论和马克思早期异化思想的基础上，分析两者之间的相近性与差异性关系。一方面，说明卢卡奇的物化批判理论在概念定义、问题线索、批判立场与方法上，同马克思在《1844年经济学哲学手稿》中的人本主义异化思想相交叉，两者呈现出一致的理论面向；另一方面，分析卢卡奇物化批判理论与马克思早期异化思想相较所出现的理论分向，卢卡奇根据马克思晚期《资本论》中的商品拜物教理论进行延展的同时，又因未能真正把握到历史辩证法和唯物史观，最终走向了唯心主义和伦理性质的批判。将卢卡奇物化批判理论与马克思异化思想放置于同一比较维度，不仅可以挖掘卢卡奇这一特殊理论为关于物化问题的现代性批判提供的某种史料价值，从而正确看待其理论地位，并且能够看到其中的理论缺陷，解释卢卡奇为何偏离了马克思主义哲学的唯物主义方向。

Abstract: Based on a clear positioning of Lukacs’ reification criticism theory and Marx’s early alienation thought, the paper analyzes the similarities and differences between the two. On the one hand, it indicates that Lukacs’ reification criticism theory intersects with Marx’s early humanistic alienation thought in the “1844 Economic and Philosophical Manuscript” in terms of conceptual definition, problem clues, critical stance and methods, and both present a consistent theoretical orientation; On the other hand, when analyzing the theoretical divergence of Lukács’ theory of reification from Marx’s early theory of alienation, it can be seen that while Lukács extended the theory of commodity fetishism in Marx’s later work, “Capital”, he ultimately veered towards idealism and ethical criticism due to his failure to truly grasp historical dialectics and historical materialism. Placing Lukacs’ critical theory of reification and Marx’s thought of alienation in the same comparative dimension can not only excavate the historical value provided by Lukacs’ special theory for the modernity criticism of reification issues, but also correctly view its theoretical status and see its theoretical flaws, explaining why Lukacs deviated from the materialist direction of Marxist philosophy.