欧盟碳边境调节机制的影响与应对路径选择

The Impacts of the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism and Pathways for Response

摘要: 在欧洲推进碳减排的过程中，企业竞争力格局的演变与碳泄漏现象引发了广泛关注。针对这一情况，欧盟出台了碳边境调节机制(CBAM)。深入剖析欧盟推行该机制的内在动因后可知，这一机制已然成为中欧贸易领域新出现的“碳壁垒”。中国作为欧盟最大的进口来源国，该机制的实施对中国产生了显著影响。碳价的过度攀升也将引发多重风险，包括经济运行风险、社会稳定风险以及能源安全风险。从本质层面分析，碳平等是发展中国家实现碳安全的重要前提，若缺乏这一基础，发展中国家的碳安全将难以保障。欧盟碳边境调节机制破坏了碳领域的公平性原则。因此，对欧盟碳边境调节机制采取反制措施具有必要性。发展中国家应加强与欧盟以外发达国家的协作，在实施反制策略的同时可通过多边合作机制筹集低碳技术发展专项资金，以破解低碳技术研发投入不足的困境。这一路径既体现了对国际气候公平的维护，也为发展中国家低碳转型提供了可持续的资金保障方案。

Abstract: In the context of Europe’s efforts to advance carbon emission reduction, the evolving landscape of corporate competitiveness and the phenomenon of carbon leakage have attracted widespread attention. In response, the European Union has introduced the Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism (CBAM). A thorough analysis of the underlying motivations for the EU’s implementation of this mechanism reveals that it has effectively become a new form of “carbon barrier” in Sino-European trade. As the largest source of imports for the EU, China is significantly impacted by this measure. Moreover, an excessive surge in carbon prices carries multiple risks, including threats to economic stability, social cohesion, and energy security. At its core, carbon equity is an essential prerequisite for developing countries to achieve carbon security; without it, their carbon security remains precarious. The EU’s CBAM undermines the principle of fairness in the carbon domain. Consequently, adopting countermeasures against the EU’s Carbon Border Adjustment Mechanism is necessary. Developing countries should strengthen collaboration with developed nations outside the EU and, while implementing responsive strategies, mobilize dedicated funds for low-carbon technology development through multilateral cooperation mechanisms to address the chronic underinvestment in low-carbon research and development. This approach not only upholds international climate equity but also provides a sustainable financing solution to support the low-carbon transition in developing countries.