人工智能侵权责任的法理分析——兼动物侵权比较

A Legal Analysis of Artificial Intelligence Infringement Liability—A Comparison with Animal Tort Liability

摘要: 科技飞速发展，人工智能广泛渗透于社会各领域。市场需求扩张与科技创新推动人工智能市场规模显著增长。在此背景下，一系列问题引发深入探讨。一方面，随着机器智能化与社会互联性增强，人工智能是否具备部分人格与意识、能否在民法上承担部分责任存疑。例如人工智能诊疗设备致患者伤害、自动驾驶汽车算法故障引发车祸等情况，现有法律未明确责任主体。另一方面，人工智能与私人生活关联紧密，其在民法中的地位亟待明确。同时，动物责任追偿问题与之有相似性，传统物的二分法或难以满足新时代物的保护与侵权责任赔偿要求，是否赋予动物“准主体”地位值得思考。综上，以人工智能与动物为例，补充我国现行物权体系势在必行。本文基于保持其客体地位、不随意扩张法律人格的立场，开展法理论证与体系扩充。

Abstract: With the rapid development of technology, artificial intelligence is extensively penetrating various sectors of society. Market demand expansion and technological innovation are driving significant growth in the AI market. Against this backdrop, a series of issues have prompted in-depth discussion. On one hand, as machine intelligence and social interconnectedness increase, it is questionable whether AI possesses certain personality traits and consciousness, and whether it can bear some responsibility under civil law. For example, in cases where AI medical devices cause harm to patients or algorithm failures in autonomous vehicles result in accidents, current laws do not clearly define the responsible party. On the other hand, AI is closely linked to private life, and its status under civil law urgently needs clarification. At the same time, issues related to liability for animals bear a similar resemblance; the traditional binary classification of objects may be insufficient to meet the demands for protection and tort liability in the new era, making it worth considering whether to grant animals a “quasi-subject” status. In summary, taking AI and animals as examples, it is imperative to supplement the current property rights system in China. This paper, based on the stance of maintaining their status as objects and not arbitrarily expanding legal personality, conducts legal theoretical reasoning and system expansion.