论环境民事公益诉讼法律适用的统一

On the Unification of the Application of Law in Environmental Civil Public Interest Litigation

摘要: 环境民事公益诉讼在生态环境治理中意义重大，但司法实践中“同案不同判”现象突出，法律适用统一面临成文法基础薄弱、裁判过程变量多等挑战。文章从构成要件认定标准入手，分析侵害环境公共利益行为、环境民事公益损害及因果关系认定存在的问题，提出静态成文法完善与动态裁判过程把控的双轨路径。前者包括明确救济对象、兜底性原则及公益诉讼适用私法的灵活性；后者强调区分诉讼程序、规范构成要件认定路径及优化证明责任分配，以推动环境民事公益诉讼法律适用统一，助力生态环境法治现代化。

Abstract: Environmental Civil Public Interest Litigation (ECPIL) plays a significant role in ecological governance. However, the phenomenon of “inconsistent judgments in similar cases” remains prominent in judicial practice, and the unification of legal application faces challenges such as a weak statutory foundation and numerous variables in the adjudication process. Starting with the identification standards of constitutive elements, this paper analyzes the existing problems in the determination of acts harming environmental public interests, environmental civil public interest damages, and causation. It proposes a dual-track approach consisting of the improvement of static statutory law and the control of dynamic adjudication processes. The former includes clarifying the objects of relief, establishing catch-all principles, and ensuring the flexibility of applying private law in public interest litigation. The latter emphasizes distinguishing litigation procedures, standardizing the path for identifying constitutive elements, and optimizing the allocation of the burden of proof. These measures aim to promote the unification of legal application in ECPIL and facilitate the modernization of the rule of law in the ecological environment.