由道及法——论韩非子法学说中的道家哲学

From Taoism to Legalism: On the Daoist Philosophy in Han Feizi’s Legal Doctrine

摘要: 道家哲学常被阐释为一种法律虚无主义，似乎与法家学说相隔甚远。然而事实上，道家学说对法家的法术势主义都有一定的启发作用。韩非子作为法家的集大成者，汲取了老子道家的思想精髓，将“道”论引入了法学说的思想领域，从而赋予其政治思想以哲学底色。“道生法”的思想路径，为韩非子的“法”论蓄积了话语资源；老子的虚静无为之道，为韩非子所倡导的君人南面之术确立了基本思维；《道德经》中“道”之一元的表述，为韩非子的君主专制之论提供了哲学基础。将道家哲学置于法家学说之前进行审思与诠释，可以洞明老子之“道”在韩非子的政治思想中发挥了何种先导作用。

Abstract: Daoist philosophy is often interpreted as a form of legal nihilism, seemingly distant from Legalist doctrines. However, Daoist thought exerted significant influence on the Legalist theories of Fa-Shu-Shi. As the culminating figure of Legalism, Han Feizi absorbed the essence of Laozi’s Daoist philosophy, integrating the concept of Daoist philosophy into his legal theory and thereby grounding his political ideology in philosophical foundations. The idea that Dao generates law provided discursive resources for Han Feizi’s legal theory. Laozi’s Daoist principles of emptiness, tranquility, and non-action established the intellectual framework for Han Feizi’s advocacy of the art of governance. Furthermore, the monistic portrayal of Dao in the Daodejing furnished a philosophical basis for Han Feizi’s defense of autocratic rule. By situating Daoist philosophy prior to Legalist thought in analysis and interpretation, this study elucidates the pioneering role of Laozi’s Dao in shaping Han Feizi’s political ideology.