海上重复保险中赔偿与分摊机制的法律问题研究

Research on Legal Issues of Compensation and Allocation Mechanism in Marine Double Insurance

摘要: 海上重复保险制度是保险损失补偿原则在多重合同关系下的复杂体现，其核心法律问题在于如何平衡被保险人充分受偿与禁止不当得利，并公平划分多个保险人之间的内部责任。我国以《海商法》第225条与《保险法》第56条为核心的规制框架，在实践中暴露出显著缺陷。本文以赔偿与分摊机制为焦点，深入剖析了赔偿请求权在特殊贸易术语下的行使困境，比较了最大责任法、独立责任法与共同责任法的法理基础与实践优劣，揭示了约定分摊条款冲突的司法难题。研究进一步厘清了分摊请求权的法定构成要件与抗辩体系，并对代位求偿权与分摊权的性质竞合与行使顺位进行了法理辨析。最终，本文提出系统性完善建议：在外部关系上应确立统一、强化的连带赔偿模式；在内部关系中推广更为公平的独立责任分摊法；构建以探究当事人真实意图为核心、结合客观解释方法为核心的约定条款冲突解决规则；并明确权利行使的顺位与协调机制，以期为我国《海商法》的修订与司法实践的完善提供支持。

Abstract: The system of marine double insurance is a complex manifestation of the principle of indemnity under multiple contractual relationships. Its core legal issue lies in balancing the insured’s right to full compensation with the prohibition of unjust enrichment, and fairly apportioning internal liability among multiple insurers. The regulatory framework in China, centered on Article 225 of the Maritime Code and Article 56 of the Insurance Law, has revealed significant shortcomings in practice. Focusing on the compensation and contribution mechanisms, this paper delves into the dilemmas in exercising the right to claim compensation under specific trade terms, compares the legal foundations and practical pros and cons of the Maximum Liability Method, the Independent Liability Method, and the Common Liability Method, and uncovers the judicial challenges posed by conflicts between agreed contribution clauses. The research further clarifies the statutory constitutive requirements and defense system of the contribution claim, and provides a jurisprudential analysis of the nature concurrence and exercise sequence between the right of subrogation and the right of contribution. Finally, this paper proposes systematic improvement suggestions: a unified and strengthened joint liability model should be established for external relationships; the fairer Independent Liability Method should be promoted for internal apportionment; a conflict resolution rule for agreed clauses centered on “intention-based interpretation” should be constructed; and the sequence and coordination mechanism for exercising these rights should be clarified, aiming to provide intellectual support for the revision of China’s Maritime Code and the refinement of judicial practice.