《资本论》“工资”概念的辩证内涵——基于奥尔曼抽象方法的分析

The Dialectical Connotation of the Concept of “Wages” in “Capital”—An Analysis Based on Ollman’s Method of Abstraction

摘要: 马克思的“工资”概念是理解其政治经济学批判的关键，对“工资”的完整把握，必须回到马克思的辩证方法。借鉴伯特尔·奥尔曼对马克思抽象方法的阐释，本文认为，马克思通过其独特的“抽象”实践——即灵活运用范围、概括层次和角度这三种抽象模式，将“工资”从对收入形式的经验性描述，重构为揭示资本主义生产方式内在矛盾与动力的辩证范畴。“工资”不仅是分配环节的经济现象，更是生产关系中剥削关系的表现形式、流通领域中掩盖本质的拜物教表象，以及阶级斗争的历史性变量。

Abstract: Marx’s concept of “wages” is central to understanding his critique of political economy; a full grasp of “wages” must return to Marx’s dialectical method. Drawing on Bertell Ollman’s interpretation of Marx’s method of abstraction, this paper argues that through his distinctive practice of “abstraction”—namely, the flexible deployment of three modes of abstraction (scope, level of generality, and vantage point)—Marx reconfigured “wages” from an empirical description of income forms into a dialectical category that reveals the immanent contradictions and driving forces of the capitalist mode of production. “Wages” are not merely an economic phenomenon in the sphere of distribution, but also a manifestation of exploitative relations within production relations, a fetishized appearance in the sphere of circulation that conceals essence, and a historically variable factor in class struggle.