奥康纳与福斯特生态学马克思主义理论对比研究

A Comparative Study of Marxist Theory in Ecology by O’Connor and Foster

摘要: 二十世纪以来，世界各地，特别是发达国家的现代化、城市化飞速发展，但在很长的一段历史时期内，资本主义为了尽可能快和多地谋取利益，在发展过程中都忽视了对生态的保护，导致世界生态环境遭受了严重破坏。近几十年来，西方一众学者开始对资本主义发展对生态造成的破坏进行反思，生态学马克思主义由此孕育而生。在众多学者中，詹姆斯·奥康纳和约翰·贝拉米·福斯特是最具代表性的两个人物。虽然奥康纳与福斯特都属于北美生态学马克思主义流派，但他们两人及其学派围绕着生态危机源头的追溯、理论内核以及解决的方法等几个方面展开了激烈的辩论。因此，二人形成了区别鲜明的马克思主义生态观。奥康纳认为，应当从结构性的角度对马克思主义的生态观进行进一步完善，而福斯特则认为应当从马克思的经典文本出发对马克思内在的生态观进行阐释。通过比较奥康纳及福斯特的马克思主义生态观，有助于对西方生态马克思主义有更清晰的认识，也能够对中国的生态文明建设有着更多的启示。

Abstract: Since the 20th century, modernization and urbanization have developed rapidly all over the world, especially in developed countries. However, for a long period of history, capitalism, in pursuit of as fast and as much profit as possible, has neglected ecological protection during its development process, resulting in severe damage to the world’s ecological environment. In recent decades, a group of Western scholars have begun to reflect on the ecological damage caused by the development of capitalism, and ecological Marxism was thus born. Among numerous scholars, James O’Connor and John Bellamy Foster are the two most representative figures. Although both O’Connor and Foster belong to the North American ecological Marxist school, the two of them and their school have engaged in an inspiring debate around several aspects such as the tracing of the source of ecological crises, the theoretical core, and the solutions. Therefore, the two formed a distinct Marxist ecological view. O’Connor believed that the ecological view of Marxism should be further improved from a structural perspective, while Foster held that the inherent ecological view of Marx should be interpreted starting from Marx’s classic texts. By comparing the Marxist ecological views of O’Connor and Foster, it is helpful to have a clearer understanding of Western ecological Marxism and can also provide more inspirations for China’s ecological civilization construction.