土壤重金属污染修复技术的分类研究与实际应用

Research on the Classification and Practical Application of Soil Heavy Metal Remediation Technologies

摘要: 土壤重金属污染修复技术的分类研究与实际应用对于应对日益严峻的土壤污染问题至关重要。随着全球工业化进程的加速，冶金、焦化、有色金属采矿、电镀等重工业生产活动已成为土壤有毒重金属污染的核心诱因。这些活动产生的含重金属废水、废渣与废气通过淋溶、沉降等途径侵入土壤系统，不仅破坏土壤结构，还通过食物链累积，威胁生态系统和人类健康，引发了全球性的生态危机。在此背景下，土壤重金属污染修复技术的分类研究显得尤为迫切。修复技术主要分为物理修复、化学修复和生物修复等类别，每种技术都有其适用条件和局限性。单一修复技术难以平衡农田“修复效率–土壤肥力–粮食安全”的多重需求，联合修复技术通过多技术协同实现优势互补，成为农田污染治理的核心方向。本文聚焦农田重金属污染的联合修复技术，系统梳理物理–化学、化学–生物、生物–生物联合修复的技术路径、实际应用案例、工程化瓶颈及成本效益，通过量化对比与机理分析，为农田土壤安全利用提供理论与技术支撑。

Abstract: The classification research and practical application of soil heavy metal contamination remediation technologies are crucial for addressing the increasingly severe problem of soil pollution. With the acceleration of global industrialization, heavy industrial production activities such as metallurgy, coking, non-ferrous metal mining, and electroplating have become the core causes of toxic heavy metal contamination in soil. The heavy metal-containing wastewater, slag, and exhaust gases generated by these activities infiltrate the soil system through leaching, sedimentation, and other pathways. This not only damages soil structure but also leads to accumulation through the food chain, threatening ecosystem and human health, thereby triggering a global ecological crisis. In this context, classification research on soil heavy metal remediation technologies is particularly urgent. Remediation technologies are mainly categorized into physical, chemical, and biological remediation, each with its applicable conditions and limitations. A single remediation technology is difficult to balance the multiple demands of “remediation efficiency - soil fertility - food security” in farmland. Combined remediation technologies achieve complementarity of advantages through the synergy of multiple technologies and have become the core direction of farmland pollution control. This study focuses on the combined remediation technologies for heavy metal pollution in farmland, systematically sorts out the technical pathways, practical application cases, engineering bottlenecks, and cost-effectiveness of physical-chemical, chemical-biological, and biological-biological combined remediation. Through quantitative comparison and mechanism analysis, it provides theoretical and technical support for the safe utilization of farmland soil.