面向典型密码学场景的量子随机数预测应用研究

Research on the Application of Quantum Random Number Prediction for Typical Cryptographic Scenarios

摘要: 随机数在信息科学、量子通信、区块链等多个领域发挥关键作用，密码学场景对其安全性与不可预测性提出极高要求。伪随机数存在被破译的潜在风险，而基于量子力学原理的量子随机数作为真随机数，具备高强度安全性，是当前极具发展前景的随机数源。本文围绕量子随机数的预测分析及其密码学应用展开研究，概述离散型与连续型量子随机数发生器的研究现状，指出主流方案偏重成码率提升却忽视原始数据质量的问题；介绍NIST SP 800-22等主流统计性检测标准，分析其局限性；重点探讨量子随机数预测在密码学典型场景的应用，在区块链共识机制中优化节点选择、主节点更替等环节，在全域哈希、加盐哈希等哈希加密函数中降低碰撞风险与信息泄露隐患，同时明确各类应用中的适配难点；设计并实现基于JAVA语言的移动端QRNG后处理程序并在手机上验证其可行性。本研究通过分析量子随机数发生器生成机制并拓展其密码学应用场景，支撑网络空间安全、物联网终端认证等领域提供高安全等级的量子随机数基础设施建设。

Abstract: Random numbers serve a pivotal role in diverse fields such as information science, quantum communication, and blockchain, with cryptographic scenarios demanding exceptionally high standards for their security and unpredictability. Pseudorandom numbers are inherently vulnerable to cryptanalytic attacks, whereas quantum random numbers (QRNGs)—as true random numbers grounded in the principles of quantum mechanics—exhibit robust security and emerge as a highly promising random number source in contemporary contexts. This study focuses on the predictive analysis of quantum random numbers and their cryptographic applications. It provides an overview of the state-of-the-art in discrete-variable and continuous-variable Quantum Random Number Generators (QRNGs), highlighting that mainstream schemes prioritize bit rate enhancement while overlooking the quality of raw data. The paper presents mainstream statistical testing criteria, exemplified by NIST SP 800-22, and elaborates on their inherent limitations. Special emphasis is placed on investigating the applications of quantum random number prediction in typical cryptographic scenarios: within blockchain consensus mechanisms, it optimizes key processes such as node selection and master node replacement; in hash encryption functions (including universal hashing and salted hashing), it mitigates collision risks and potential information leakage, while addressing the inherent adaptation challenges across various application contexts. Additionally, a JAVA-based mobile QRNG post-processing program is designed and implemented, whose feasibility has been validated on mobile platforms. By analyzing the generation mechanisms of QRNGs and expanding their cryptographic application scenarios, this research facilitates the development of high-security quantum random number infrastructure to support fields such as cyberspace security and Internet of Things (IoT) terminal authentication.