植物与微生物互作的新兴挑战与农业应用的研究进展

Emerging Challenges and Research Progress in Agricultural Applications of Plant-Microbe Interactions

摘要: 植物与微生物之间构建了复杂而动态的互作网络，广泛分布于叶际、内生组织及根际等不同生态位。与相对受限的叶际和内生群落相比，根际因其独特的营养与信号环境，被认为是植物最重要的微生物热点。植物根系分泌物通过释放次生代谢物和小分子信号，能够选择性地招募有益微生物来重塑群落结构并增强植物的营养吸收、激素调控和抗逆性。本研究探究根系分泌物作为关键的信号介质选择性地招募有益微生物来重塑根际群落结构，并通过系统回顾共生微生物和促生菌分泌植物激素类似物和次级代谢产物来调控宿主的根系发育、养分获取和抗逆性。本研究还讨论了新兴植物病原体通过快速进化对植物健康构成的重大威胁，利用多组学技术深入解析这一复杂调控网络。本研究系统整合了根际分泌物介导的微生物组装与胁迫耐受性的分子调控机制，这为未来通过精准调控植物微生物组来提高作物在不利环境下的适应性与生态系统稳定性提供坚实的理论基础。

Abstract: Plants and microorganisms form a complex and dynamic interaction network, widely distributed across different ecological niches such as the phyllosphere, endophytic tissues, and rhizosphere. Compared to the relatively limited phyllosphere and endophytic communities, the rhizosphere, due to its unique nutritional and signaling environment, is considered the most important microbial hotspot for plants. Plant root exudates, through the release of secondary metabolites and small molecule signals, can selectively recruit beneficial microorganisms to reshape community structure and enhance plant nutrient uptake, hormone regulation and stress resistance. This study explores how root exudates, as key signaling mediators, selectively recruit beneficial microorganisms to reshape rhizosphere community structure. It also systematically reviews how symbiotic microorganisms and growth-promoting bacteria regulate host root development, nutrient acquisition, and stress resistance through the secretion of plant hormone analogs and secondary metabolites. Furthermore, this study discusses the significant threats to plant health posed by emerging plant pathogens through rapid evolution, using multi-omics technologies to deeply elucidate this complex regulatory network. This research systematically integrates the molecular regulatory mechanisms of rhizosphere exudate-mediated microbial assembly and stress tolerance, providing a solid theoretical foundation for future research on precisely regulating the plant microbiome to improve crop adaptability and ecosystem stability under adverse environments.