再看历史生成论——马克思与海德格尔历史观比较研究

Revisiting the Theory of Historical Generations—A Comparative Study of Marx and Heidegger’s Historical Views

摘要: 历史是人类社会实践的产物，是追求自身目的的人的活动过程。本文以历史观比较为切入点，聚焦于海德格尔生存论现象学历史观与马克思主义历史唯物主义的核心差异与深层联系。海德格尔将历史性置于“此在”的时间性之上，强调个体对本真存在的觉醒，着力考察的是历史的存在论根源；马克思主义则从现实的人及其物质生产出发，揭示历史发展的客观规律与资本主义条件下的异化现实。本文通过剖析二者在历史本质、动力机制及价值指向上的不同，既批判审视了海德格尔历史观的方法论局限，又辩证分析了其将历史性确立为存在论的核心范畴，指向其历史观的当代反思。

Abstract: History is the product of human social practice and a process of human activity aimed at pursuing their own purposes. This paper adopts a comparative approach to conceptions of history, focusing on the core differences and underlying connections between Heidegger’s existential-phenomenological view of history and the Marxist historical materialism. Heidegger situates historicity upon the temporality of Dasein, emphasizing the individual’s awakening to authentic being and exploring the ontological foundation of history. In contrast, Marxism proceeds from real individuals and their material production, revealing the objective laws of historical development and the reality of alienation under capitalist conditions. This paper, by examining the differences between the two in terms of the essence of history, the mechanisms of dynamics, and the orientation of values, not only critically scrutinizes the methodological limitations of Heidegger’s view of history but also dialectically analyzes his establishment of historicity as a core category of ontology, thereby pointing to contemporary reflections on his historical perspective.