京津冀通关便利化政策对企业影响实证研究：基于制度落地与人才赋能的双重视角

An Empirical Study on the Impact of Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Customs Clearance Facilitation Policy on Enterprises: Based on the Dual Perspective of System Implementation and Talent Empowerment

摘要: 本研究基于对北京报关协会位于京津冀地区67家外贸及货代企业会员的实地调研与数据分析，结合海关公开统计资料，系统考察通关便利化政策在企业端的实际效应，发现虽然自2014年京津冀海关通关一体化改革实施以来，通过“直提直装”、“AEO认证”、“关税保证保险”等举措，显著提升了通关效率与物流协同水平，但是政策红利并未均匀释放，表现在中小微企业普遍存在政策认知不足、专业人才匮乏、跨区域执行差异等方面，尤其是人才因素在政策传导链条中的中介作用未完全显现。为此，本文尝试引入委托代理理论解释政府与企业间的政策传导失灵，借助组织行为学中的能力–动机–机会模型(AMO)，分析企业人才短缺的内在机理，进而指出复合型高素质人才已成为企业应对复杂通关环境的关键资源，人才支撑是打通政策实施末端的关键环节。同时建议深化三地海关协同机制，构建并推进“政行校企”协同育人体系，以提升政策实施效能。

Abstract: Based on field surveys and data analysis of 67 member enterprises in the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei region, including foreign trade and freight forwarding companies, conducted by the Beijing Customs Brokers Association, combined with publicly available customs statistical data, this study systematically examines the actual effects of customs clearance facilitation policies at the enterprise level. It is found that although since the implementation of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei customs clearance integration reform in 2014, measures such as “direct pickup and direct loading”, “AEO certification”, and “tariff guarantee insurance” have significantly improved customs clearance efficiency and logistics coordination levels, the policy benefits have not been evenly distributed. This is manifested in small and medium-sized enterprises generally facing insufficient policy awareness, a shortage of professional talents, and differences in cross-regional implementation, especially the mediating role of talent factors in the policy transmission chain has not been fully realized. To address this, this paper attempts to introduce the principal-agent theory to explain the policy transmission failure between the government and enterprises, and uses the Ability-Motivation-Opportunity (AMO) model from organizational behavior to analyze the internal mechanisms of enterprise talent shortages. It further points out that composite high-quality talents have become a key resource for enterprises to cope with complex customs clearance environments, and talent support is a critical link to open up the end of policy implementation. Meanwhile, it is suggested to deepen the coordination mechanism among customs authorities in the three regions and build and promote a collaborative talent cultivation system involving government, industry, schools, and enterprises to enhance policy implementation effectiveness.