晦庵与象山克己复礼之比较

A Comparison between Hui’an and Xiangshan on “Restraining Oneself and Returning to the Rites”

摘要: 晦庵与陆象山在“克己复礼”这一儒家核心命题上呈现出显著差异与深层对话。晦庵以“天理之节文”为纲，强调“克己”即“胜私欲”以复礼；陆象山则以“心即理”为本，主张“克私意”而直达本心之澄明。因而可从“克私欲与克私意”“仁学功夫与易简功夫”“意见与无意见”三个维度，系统梳理二者对“克己复礼”的阐发。通过比较可见，朱陆之争不仅是对工夫论的路径分歧，更是理学与心学对儒家道德实践根本逻辑的差异回应，为理解宋明理学的多元发展提供了新视角。

Abstract: Hui’an and Lu Xiangshan exhibit significant differences and a profound dialogue concerning the core Confucian proposition of “restraining oneself and returning to the rites.” Hui’an, taking “the refined expression of Heavenly Principle” as his guiding principle, emphasized that “restraining oneself” means “overcoming selfish desires” in order to return to the rites. In contrast, Lu Xiangshan, grounded in the doctrine that “the mind is principle”, advocated “overcoming selfish intentions” to directly attain the clarity of the original mind. Accordingly, this paper systematically examines their elucidations of “restraining oneself and returning to the rites” from three dimensions: “overcoming selfish desires versus overcoming selfish intentions”, “the learning of humaneness versus the simple and direct method”, and “having opinions versus having no opinions”. Through this comparison, it becomes evident that the Zhu-Lu debate is not merely a divergence in the approaches to self-cultivation but also represents contrasting responses from the School of Principle and the School of Mind to the fundamental logic of Confucian moral practice, thereby offering a new perspective for understanding the diverse developments within Song-Ming Neo-Confucianism.