地下水中微生物特征及其环境意义研究综述

Microbial Characteristics in Groundwater and Their Environmental Significance: A Review

摘要: 地下水作为全球重要的淡水资源，其水质与水量安全直接关系到生态安全与人类社会可持续发展。微生物作为地下水生态系统中的核心驱动者，广泛分布于各类地下环境中，通过代谢活动深刻影响地下水的物质循环、能量转换及化学组分的演化。本文系统综述了地下水中微生物的群落结构、生理生态特征及其与环境因子的相互作用机制。重点分析了细菌、真菌、藻类等主要类群的分布规律与功能差异，探讨了微生物在有机物降解、氧化还原调控及元素生物地球化学循环中的关键作用。文章进一步阐述了微生物在污染修复、生态指示、饮用水安全及资源开发等方面的环境意义与应用前景，并指出了当前研究存在的主要挑战，如培养方法局限、多组学技术应用不足及尺度差异问题。最后，展望了未来研究应加强多组学融合、长期定位观测及“微生物–水文–地球化学”耦合研究，以推动地下水微生物学的发展及其在水文地质与环境管理中的实际应用。

Abstract: Groundwater, as a vital global freshwater resource, the safety of its water quality and quantity is directly related to ecological security and the sustainable development of human society. As the core drivers of the groundwater ecosystem, microorganisms are widely distributed in various subsurface environments, and their metabolic activities profoundly affect the material cycle, energy conversion and evolution of chemical components in groundwater. This paper systematically reviews the community structure, physiological and ecological characteristics of microorganisms in groundwater and their interaction mechanisms with environmental factors. It focuses on analyzing the distribution rules and functional differences of major groups such as bacteria, fungi and algae, and discusses the key roles of microorganisms in organic matter degradation, redox regulation and elemental biogeochemical cycles. The paper further elaborates on the environmental significance and application prospects of microorganisms in pollution remediation, ecological indication, drinking water safety and resource development, and points out the main challenges in current research, such as limitations of culture methods, insufficient application of multi-omics technologies and scale difference issues. Finally, it is prospected that future research should strengthen the integration of multi-omics, long-term in-situ observation and the coupled research of “microbe-hydrology-geochemistry”, so as to promote the development of groundwater microbiology and its practical application in hydrogeology and environmental management.