重审阿尔都塞的认识论断裂理论

Reexamining Althusser’s Theory of the Epistemological Break

摘要: 阿尔都塞的认识论断裂命题在科学与意识形态之间构筑了一道理论鸿沟，将意识形态固化为非历史的共时性幻象。这种二分法不仅遮蔽了意识形态内在的历史性与实践性维度，更使得社会主义社会的意识形态何以能够成为科学的、推动社会变革的力量这一问题悬而未决。此困境之根源是阿尔都塞结构主义方法论中的共时性偏好。通过历时态视角，将意识形态重新界定为一个在历史实践中不断自我革新与超越的转换体系，构成了超越阿尔都塞理论局限的关键路径。这种方法论转换不仅有助于破解认识论断裂的僵局，更有助于论证社会主义社会的意识形态作为一种自我革新的意识形态的可能性。

Abstract: Althusser’s concept of the epistemological break creates a theoretical chasm between science and ideology, rigidifying ideology as an ahistorical, synchronic illusion. This dichotomy not only obscures the inherent historicity and practical dimensions of ideology but also leaves unresolved the question of how ideology in socialist societies can become a scientific force driving social transformation. The root of this dilemma lies in the synchronic preference embedded in Althusser’s structuralist methodology. Adopting a diachronic perspective to redefine ideology as a transformative system of continuous self-renewal and transcendence within historical practice constitutes a key approach to overcoming the limitations of Althusser’s theory. This methodological shift not only helps resolve the impasse created by the epistemological break but also contributes to demonstrating the possibility of ideology in socialist societies as a self-renovating force.