数字劳动的异化表征、成因分析与解放路径——基于马克思异化劳动理论的分析

Manifestations of Alienation, Causes and Paths to Liberation of Digital Labor —An Analysis Based on Marx’s Theory of Alienated Labor

摘要: 马克思的异化劳动理论深刻揭示了资本主义制度下人类社会劳动被异化和控制的事实，是马克思主义基础理论中的重要组成部分。数字时代，数字劳动作为一种新的劳动形式，正深刻改变着人们的生产、生活和劳动方式，为人的全面发展提供了重要支撑。伴随着数字技术与资本的深度融合，数字劳动异化的问题也更加凸显，呈现出新的异化表征。数字劳动异化是多种因素综合作用的结果，其中数字生产资料私人占有是根本原因，数字资本的逐利性是动力原因，数字技术的推动是技术原因以及劳动者主体性的弱化等主体性因素。通过变革数字生产关系、规范数字资本运行、推动数字技术向善发展以及重塑劳动者主体性等方面努力，不断消解数字劳动过程中的异化问题。在马克思异化劳动理论指导下，科学审视数字劳动的内涵、成因及表现形式，破除资本对数字劳动的剥削和压榨，对于重构数字时代的生产方式、推动数字时代有序健康发展、实现人的全面发展和劳动者主体性的复归具有重要的理论和现实意义。

Abstract: Marx’s theory of alienated labor profoundly reveals the fact that labor in human society is alienated and controlled under the capitalist system, and it constitutes an important component of the fundamental theories of Marxism. In the digital age, digital labor, as a new form of labor, is profoundly transforming people’s modes of production, daily life, and work, and provides significant support for the all-round development of human beings. With the deep integration of digital technology and capital, the problem of digital labor alienation has become increasingly prominent, exhibiting new manifestations of alienation. The alienation of digital labor is the result of the combined effects of multiple factors, among which the private ownership of digital means of production is the root cause, the profit-seeking nature of digital capital is the driving force, the advancement of digital technology is the technical factor, and the weakening of workers’ agency is a key subjective factor. By transforming digital production relations, regulating the operation of digital capital, promoting the ethical development of digital technology, and reshaping workers’ agency, we can continuously mitigate the problem of alienation in the process of digital labor. Guided by Marx’s theory of alienated labor, a scientific examination of the essence, causes, and manifestations of digital labor—and the elimination of capital’s exploitation and oppression of digital labor—holds significant theoretical and practical significance for reconstructing the modes of production in the digital age, promoting its orderly and healthy development, and realizing the comprehensive development of human beings and the restoration of workers’ agency.