马克思《穆勒评注》中货币异化的根源探析

An Analysis of the Roots of Monetary Alienation in Marx’s “Comments on Mill”

摘要: 《詹姆斯·穆勒〈政治经济学原理〉一书摘要》(简称《穆勒评注》)是马克思早期思想发展阶段的重要文本，其以摘录与评注相结合的写作形式，初步构建起具有独特理论特质的货币异化思想雏形。在该文本中，马克思具体阐释了货币异化的四重表现形式，即货币在功能层面成为社会交往的核心媒介、在信用业形态中演变为纯粹的观念形式、在人与货币的关系中呈现出主体与客体的倒置、在社会生活中表现为物对人的支配关系，但并未对货币异化产生的原因展开系统性理论阐释。本文立足《穆勒评注》的文本语境与马克思1844年前后的思想发展水平，摒弃后期成熟理论的简单套用，聚焦文本特有的交往异化视角与“中介”核心概念，从资本主义私有制、资本运行逻辑、资本主义社会制度三个维度，探析马克思早期视域中货币异化的生成原因，挖掘文本中货币中介独立化并反噬主体的内在逻辑，以期完善马克思早期货币异化思想的理论阐释，丰富对马克思早期“异化”理论体系的理解与研究。

Abstract: “Notes on James Mill’s Elements of Political Economy” (abbreviated as “Comments on Mill”) is an important text in the early developmental stage of Marx’s thought. Through a writing form that combines excerpts and commentary, it preliminarily constructs a rudimentary form of monetary alienation thought with unique theoretical characteristics. In this text, Marx specifically elaborates on the fourfold manifestations of monetary alienation: namely, currency becoming the central medium of social interaction at the functional level, evolving into a purely ideal form within the credit industry, presenting an inversion of subject and object in the relationship between human beings and money, and manifesting as the domination of things over people in social life. However, Marx does not provide a systematic theoretical explanation of the causes of monetary alienation. Based on the textual context of “Comments on Mill” and the developmental level of Marx’s thought around 1844, this paper abandons the simple application of later mature theories and focuses on the text’s unique perspective of interactional alienation and the core concept of “mediation.” It analyzes the generative causes of monetary alienation in Marx’s early horizon from three dimensions: capitalist private property, the logic of capital operation, and the capitalist social system. The paper excavates the internal logic of the independent development of monetary mediation and its backlash against the subject within the text, with the aim of perfecting the theoretical interpretation of Marx’s early monetary alienation thought and enriching the understanding and research of Marx’s early “alienation” theoretical system.